Bahay na bato

Though the Filipino term bahay na bato means "house of stone", these houses are not entirely made up of stone; some are dominated by wooden materials, while some more modern ones use concrete, in contrast to the organic materials that make up the bahay kubo. The name bahay na bato was applied to the architecture over generations. == History ==

Precolonial Philippine architecture is based on traditional stilt houses of the Austronesian people of Southeast Asia. The first buildings during the early years of Spanish occupation were Bahay kubo which are made of wood and bamboo materials. It is a type of construction with which the pre-Hispanic indigenous Filipinos had been working expertly since early times and is known as Austronesian architecture. Bahay kubo roofs were made of nipa palm or cogon grass. In its most basic form, the house consisted of four walls enclosing one or more rooms, with the whole structure raised above ground on stilts. Spanish colonial-era nipa mansion, a "1st transition bahay na bato style" house in Poblacion, Balingasag, Misamis Oriental, Mindanao, known for its sculpted wooden Atlases.|alt=|285x285pxWhen Spaniards arrived, they quickly introduced Spanish architecture of building a more permanent construction traditions which they inherited from the Romans. They thus began building communities with the church and government as focal points. By the mid-1580s, through the efforts of Domingo Salazar, the first bishop of Manila, and of the Jesuit Antonio Sedeño, edifices began to be constructed of stone. Fr. Sedeño built the first stone building, which was the residence of Bishop Salazar. By 1587, Governor General Santiago de Vera required all buildings in Manila to be built of stone. For this purpose, the indigenous Filipinos were taught how to quarry and dress stone, prepare and use mortar, and mould bricks. Thus began what has been called the first golden age of building in stone. This new community setup made construction heavier and more permanent materials desirable. Some of these materials included bricks, mortar, tiles, and stone. Heavily favored accounts of towering palaces and splendid mansions reached the peninsula. However, the ambitious plans of the Spaniards were dashed in 1645 when a terrible earthquake struck Manila. Manila during the early 1900s was filled with bahay na bato architecture on its streets. During World War II, the American and Japanese forces destroyed many of these houses. == Styles ==

Different styles depend on each house's individual appearance. For example, some bahay na bato do not have ventanillas, some do not have Capiz windows, and some lack both. Some have galvanized, tiled, nipa, or cogon roofs. Ground-level walls may be made of bricks, adobe, coral, or wood, although modern structures typically use concrete. While retaining the basic form, the 19th-century bahay na bato reflected changing tastes by incorporating motifs from other prevalent styles. Houses such as the Vega Ancestral House that have emerging stone works at the bottom part of the house but have almost wooden materials appearance even to the first level walls are still considered bahay na bato; the name bahay na bato was applied to this architecture over generations, as most of these houses use stone materials, contrary to the precolonial era that used little to no stones at all. The same principle applies to the nipa hut: not all nipa huts use nipa materials; some use cogon. Although retaining its basic form, the 19th-century bahay na bato reflected changing tastes through the incorporation of motifs from prevalent styles such as Victorian, Renaissance Revival and Neoclassical decorations which included columns, pilasters, caryatids, atlases and friezes adopted from Greco-Roman architecture, the civilizations from which Spanish culture descend. The dawn of Art Nouveau also greatly influenced the mixing of styles and aesthetics of these houses. Many later bahay na bato buildings adapted design styles,such as Art Deco during the latter era of American rule, and even through the postwar period of loose restoration. Regional variants The style of bahay na bato may also vary by area. Each region evolved its own building style, which was in many cases dependent on the materials available. As construction techniques were developed, quarries opened, and kilns constructed, various parts of the country began to show a preference for specific building materials. Towns along the coasts of Luzon, especially in Batangas, used roughly hewn blocks of coral and adobe stone. File:Batanes Stone house.jpg|Rakuh File:Oldest House in Ivatan.jpg|Sinadumparan File:Chavayan Village, Sabtang Island, Batanes.jpg|Batanes street == Other buildings ==

Many convents, monasteries, schools, hospitals, offices, stations, etc. also adapted the bahay kubo architecture to the Spanish colonial style. As a result, many of these buildings end up being bahay na bato as well. Examples of such buildings include the University of Santo Tomas (Intramuros), Colegio de Santa Rosa Manila campus, San Juan de Dios Educational Foundation, Tutuban station, AMOSUP hospital, Hotel de Oriente in Binondo, Malacañang Palace, and many other church convents which are still standing today. Examples: File:San Isidro Labrador Convent.jpg|Lazi Convent File:Malacañang Palace (local img).jpg|Malacañang Palace File:Camarines Sur National High School in 2002-facuty and staff.jpg|Camarines Sur National High School File:Tutuban centermall.jpg|Tutuban station, 1890s File:San-Juan-de-Letran.jpg|San Juan de Letran 1800s File:The aguinaldo shrine.JPG|Aguinaldo Shrine File:ZAMBOANGA CITY Asia's Latin City City Hall and Plaza Rizal (Ayunamiento y Plaza Rizal).jpg|Zamboanga City Hall File:01827jfLandmarks Buildings Intramuros Manilafvf 44.jpg|El Amanecer Building File:Museo de Loboc, Bohol.png|Museo de Loboc/Convent File:TaalBasilicajf2305 04.JPG|Taal, Batangas convent File:Hotel De Oriente Philippines late 1800's to early 1900's.jpg|Pre-World War 2 Hotel de Oriente File:La Insular Cigar Factory Manila.jpg|La Insular Cigar Factory File:College of Santa Isabel, Manila, Philippines 2.jpg|College of Santa Isabel, Manila, Philippines File:Santa catalina and Letran Manila Philippines.jpg|Santa catalina and Letran Manila Philippines File:Intramuros Edifices, Manila, Philippines.jpg|Intramuros Edifices File:Hospital of San Juan de Dios Intramuros Manila Philippines.png|Hospital of San Juan de Dios Intramuros Manila Philippines 1900's ==Bahay na Bato in the Intramuros Register of Styles==

The Intramuros Register of Styles is the main architectural code of Intramuros, the historic core of the City of Manila, Philippines. The Register of Styles prescribes the Bahay na Bato as the default style for new constructions in Intramuros. The Register became part of Presidential Decree No. 1616, as amended, when it was gazetted by the Official Gazette of the Philippines on June 17, 2022. The Intramuros Administration is the agency of the Philippine Government responsible for the implementation of the Register of Styles. Intramuros in Manila is the only locality in the Philippines where, for cultural reasons, the use, height, scale, and aesthetics of all new constructions and development are pre-determined and strictly regulated under the force of national law. The Register of Styles, as an integral part of Presidential Decree No. 1616, is the main legal document prescribing and guiding the implementation of pre-war architectural colonial styles in Intramuros. The Register of Styles is the first document to detail the historical styles of Intramuros. It was authored by Rancho Arcilla, who was then the Archivist of the Intramural Administration, and under the initiative of Guiller Asido, the former Administrator of Intramuros. By form, the urban landscape of Intramuros mostly lacked setbacks, with buildings that were mostly terraced (rowhouses). Courtyards or backyards were exceptionally well adapted to the climate. The Intramuros style was described as both vernacular and cosmopolitan. While its Church and State buildings were European in orientation, albeit adapted and localized, most of the buildings were enclaved within its walls and embraced tropical vernacular constructions as exemplified by the Bahay na Bato. Churches, fortifications, and palaces fashioned in European styles, though few, became icons and objects of popular imagination. In contrast, the vernacular Bahay na Bato, which was adopted in majority of buildings, prevailed in terms of number of constructions. Except in certain instances, the Register of Styles prescribes tha\e Bahay na bato as the default style for new constructions in Intramuros. == Parts of a bahay na bato ==

and capiz windowAs with any vernacular architecture, different features of bahay na bato vary from building to building, many of which was from Classical principles that was employed to refined the proportion, syntax and detailings. Houses may have or lack certain elements from the following list:. While the stone walls acts merely as a curtain cover. • Kalaka (Philippine Spanish: calaca) - halved bamboo sections that are fitted together alternately (similar to clay tiles), used for roofing. • Kama – Four-poster bed • Kama ni Ah Tay – A once popular signature four-poster bed design that was carved by a famous Chinese furniture maker named Eduardo Ah Tay. To have this bed was considered a symbol of status during the Spanish era. • Kantoneras (brackets) – Either plain calado cut-outs or fully carved embellishments usually placed where beams and columns intersect especially under the soffit or overhanging ceiling outside the house; also seen to decorate door or window openings, hallways or simply dividing spaces • Lansenas – Kitchen sideboards • Latrina – Comun • Load-bearing wall – Wall used in place of posts to bear weight • Machuca tiles (formerly known as "baldozas mosaicas") – colorful Mediterranean-style cement tiles used for the zaguan flooring, often in harlequin pattern; manufactured by the Machuca company; another brand is Majolica • Mascaron – An architectural ornament representing a face or head, human or animal, that is often grotesque or frightening woodwork at the Lopez House in Balayan, Batangas • Media aguas – Canopy or roof shed, consisting of a piece of metal roof that protects the window from rain or heat; not to be confused with awning • Mirador – Lighthouse; lookout tower • Moulding, molding – A strip of material (such as wood or metal) with some design or pattern that is used as a decoration on a wall, on the edge of a table, etc. • Oratorio – Prayer room with an altar of Christ, the Virgin Mary, and the saints • Painted metal sheet ceiling – Pressed tin or copper ceiling from maybe late Victorian to early American colonial period, to prevent decay by moisture or worms (or even mouse) • Paminggalan – A cabinet where leftover food and preserves are stored. The doors of the cabinet have slats so that they can absorb air and room temperature inside. To avoid ants from coming up and getting to the food, the legs of the cabinet are placed on containers filled with kerosene or any liquid • Pasamano – Window ledge • Persiana – Louver window • Piedra china – stone dressed by Chinese-Filipino immigrant stoneworkers used to pave the floor of the zaguan • Pilaster – False pillar used to give the appearance of a supporting column and to articulate an extent of wall, with only an ornamental function • Platera – Aparador or cabinet for kitchenware (chiefly china) • Porte cochere – Horse carriage porch or portico at the main entrance • Portico – "(From Italian) a porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls" • Puerta – "Door of the entrada principal (main entrance)" • Puertita – "small cut door that is part of the puerta" • Pugon – Clay oven • Punkah – Ceiling cloth fan • Sala mayor – Main living room, a place for late-afternoon parties called tertulias and dances called "bailes" • Sala menor – Secondary living room • Sillas americanas – "American chairs, considered the Monobloc chairs of their time (due to ubiquity)" • Silla perezosa – Lazy chair • Solihiya – Typical wicker weave pattern in furniture • Stained glass – "Glass colored or stained (as by fusing metallic oxides into it) for decorative applications (as in windows)" • Teja de curva - Spanish curving clay tiles (also called "Monk and Nun" in English) used for roofing (often mistaken for Chinese tubular roof tiles) • Transom – "Transverse horizontal structural beam or bar" often in floral tracery design • '''Trompe-l'œil''' – "A style of painting in which things are painted in a way that makes them look like real objects" • Tumba-tumba – Philippine rocking chair • Tympanum – triangular decorative wall surface over an entrance, door or window • Valance – "A length of decorative drapery hung above a window to screen the curtain fittings" • Ventana – "Wooden window panel that uses a grid pattern with flattened Capiz-shell panes"; often in sliding style, as opposed to flinging out • Ventanilla – Literally 'small window'; "sliding panels between the floor and windows" to allow more air and light; "usually protected by balustrades which can either be wooden or wrought iron grills" • Volada – "An enclosed overhanging balcony"; "a gallery (along the elaborate system of windows) which protects the rooms from the heat of the sun" • Yerong pukpok – Gingerbread trim • Zaguan – Ground floor (literally "passageway" in Arabic) to accommodate horse carriages and carrozas (processional carriages) == See also ==