MarketBattle of Aleppo (2024)
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Battle of Aleppo (2024)

On 29 November 2024, Syrian opposition group Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham, along with allied Turkish-backed groups in the Military Operations Command, entered the Syrian government-held city of Aleppo. The battle began on the third day of a large-scale rebel offensive. It was the first time fighting had broken out in the city since the earlier battle, which began in 2012 and ended in 2016 when the Assad administration pushed rebels out of the city.

Background
After the battle from 2012 to 2016, Syrian government forces did not develop or increase the military defenses of the city even though rebel forces continued to operate to Aleppo's west. Instead, the pro-government groups engaged in corruption, and were thus not well prepared for major insurgent attacks. == Opposing forces ==
Opposing forces
The rebel assault on Aleppo city was spearheaded by Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), but also included various other rebel factions. Among others, there were several Syrian National Army (SNA) units, The rebels had also sent sleeper cells to infiltrate Aleppo city. Officially, the incident was initially attributed to an alleged rebel attack, but the truth of Pourhashemi's death soon spread among Aleppo's garrison. The incident impacted the local loyalist leadership and further demotivated Aleppo's defenders, reducing the willingness of the foreign allies to fight for Syria and increasing the willingness of Syrian troops to mutiny or defect. == Battle ==
Battle
Fall of Aleppo On 29 November 2024, rebel forces approached the outskirts of Aleppo. They took Khalsa, Al-Rashidin and Khan Tuman, where the army abandoned four T-55 tanks. The Syrian government was overwhelmed by the rebel offensive's speed, and could not organize a coordinated defense of Aleppo. The loyalists were also shocked when the Baqir Brigade, deemed one of the most reliable local units, mutinied and partially defected to the rebels. Baqir Brigade commander Khalid al-Hassan had reportedly been convinced to change sides by his cousin Zakur Abu Ahmad Bakari who was one of the leading rebel commanders. During the afternoon, rebels entered the Hamdaniyah and New Aleppo neighborhoods in the city, after carrying out a double suicide bombing with two car bombs. In the latter half of the day, opposition forces captured five city districts, Al-Hamdaniya, New Aleppo, 3000 Apartments, Al-Jamiliya, and Salah al-Din districts. Clashes were reported elsewhere in the city, including its center. By midnight, opposition forces had captured parts of Al-Sukariyya, Al-Furqan, Al-Adhamiya, and Saif al-Dawla districts, and claimed to have had taken control of the main square of Aleppo. Around this time, the rebels also approached the Neirab camp where the local loyalist garrison consisting of Liwa al-Quds troops retreated without organizing resistance. Hours after the rebel incursion into the main neighbourhoods, thousands of civilians fled the city through the main Khanasir Athriya intersection with most heading to Latakia and Salamiya. The rebel forces issued evacuation warnings calling on residents of Aleppo to move eastwards "for your safety". Syrian state media reported that projectiles launched by the rebels hit student housing in the University of Aleppo, killing four people, including two students. In the early hours of 30 November 2024, rebel forces captured the Citadel of Aleppo and the government headquarters in the city, as well as "more than half" of the city. By morning, rebel forces had seized control of most of Aleppo, facing little resistance and forcing pro-government troops to retreat toward as-Safirah. Government forces and Iranian militias initially remained in control of a few neighborhoods in northeastern Aleppo, but the remaining loyalist troops -including the 25th Division at al-Nayrab airbase- organized no further substantial resistance, instead joining the general retreat southward. As the Aleppo garrison withdrew, other loyalist militias in the region followed them, including the holdouts of Nubl and al-Zahraa. In the evening, rebels took control of Aleppo airport from the SDF without clashes. An airstrike, reportedly carried out by Russian aircraft, killed 16 civilians and injured 20 others in the city. Two other airstrikes on rebel reinforcements on the outskirts of the city left 20 fighters dead. That day, the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES) reportedly facilitated the entry of 2,892 refugees from Aleppo into Northeastern Syria. On 1 December 2024, HTS captured the thermal power station, Artillery College, and the Military Academy on the outskirts of the city. Meanwhile, clashes occurred between SNA and SDF in the Sheikh Najjar industrial district. Concurrently, the SDF closed the road linking areas in the northern Aleppo countryside and the city center of Aleppo. The rebels issued a demand for Kurdish forces in Aleppo to leave with their weapons for the northeast. Also on 1 December, the Russian Air Force conducted an airstrike on the Aleppo University Hospital, killing 12 people, injuring two journalists. On 2 December 2024, rebels captured the Sheikh Najjar industrial zone from the SDF and pushed further south of Aleppo, capturing Khansir in an attempt to cut off the army's main supply route to Aleppo city. == Aftermath ==
Aftermath
The Kurdish enclave inside the city, namely the neighbourhoods of Sheikh Maqsoud and Ashrafieh, were besieged by the rebels, with the approximately 100,000 residents facing "dwindling food supplies and a lack of services". However, no significant mass displacement was reported as of date. The rebels renewed their offer for armed fighters to leave the city and guaranteed their safety, but asked the civilians to stay. Coinciding with the lightning-speed takeover of Aleppo, the rebels pushed into the countryside of northern Hama. This city was the main destination of many loyalist units which had retreated from Aleppo, though several of these mutinied, defected or disintegrated on the way. The remnants rallied under Maj.-Gen. al-Hasan and actually put up a substantial resistance at Hama, though it was also soon overcome by the insurgents. The city of Hama eventually fell to the rebels on 5 December. == Reactions ==
Reactions
• : The Syrian Arab Armed Forces (SAAF) acknowledged the rebel takeover of the city, which forced it to redeploy "aimed at strengthening the defence lines in order to absorb the attack" and "preserve the lives of civilians and soldiers". It was also reportedly preparing to counter-attack, while rebel gatherings within the city were targeted by airstrikes. == Notes ==
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