Belgian Army order of battle (1914)

At the outbreak of World War I, the Belgian Army was in the middle of a reorganisation. From Belgium's independence in 1830 until 1909 it had comprised a mixed force of volunteers and conscripts recruited by lot. Historically Belgium had a reputation for neglecting its military, due in large part, to its enforced political neutrality. During the 19th century, military reform had been a major political issue as successive governments remained unsure of whether the signatory nations of the 1839 Treaty of London would intervene to guarantee Belgian neutrality if the country were invaded. Belgian politicians were also aware of the rapid expansion of French and German armies during the period. From the 1880s onwards, the Belgian government embarked on an ambitious series of fortress construction but failed to expand or reform the military itself. In 1902, the regular army stood at just 42,800 men with a potential post-mobilisation strength of 180,000. Aware of the country's precarious geopolitical situation, a new military bill was signed by King Leopold II in 1909, initiating major military reforms. These put an end to the system of remplacement, in which wealthy conscripts could pay a replacement to take their place in the army, and introduced a more egalitarian form of military conscription based on age group. Beyond the acquisition of a few new Krupp artillery pieces, there was little attempt to modernise the army's equipment. Further reforms were launched after the Agadir Crisis in 1911 under the leadership of the Charles de Broqueville government. After several years of discussion, a major military reform bill was ratified by the parliament in 1913 by which the total possible strength of the army would be gradually increased from 180,000 to 350,000 men. Military spending also rose. This reform had only been partially implemented by the outbreak of war and the Belgium Army was still considered to be weak by the German military leadership. ==Strength and equipment==

Army in 1914 The Belgian government ordered a general mobilisation on 31 July 1914. During the early stages of the 1914 campaign, the military had a strength of nearly 220,000 men: • 120,500 regular soldiers. • 65,000 reservists assigned to fortress units • 46,000 militia of the Garde Civique • 18,000 new volunteers. All of the units suffered from lack of equipment, including ammunition. There was a shortage of capable officers, and only 120 machine guns in the whole army. The army possessed no field howitzers or heavy artillery. and personal equipment issued to soldiers in 1914 had not changed visibly since 1853. Standards of discipline were frequently lax and Belgian soldiers were often seen as "indisciplined and careless". The army had no coherent doctrine and it had as many as five strategic plans, none of which commanded total support from the High Command. ==Organisation==

Field Army The Field Army (Armée de Campagne) was the largest component of the Belgian Army, which numbered some 117,000 men. King Albert I was in direct command with Lieutenant-General Antonin de Selliers de Moranville as Chief of the General Staff. It was divided into seven army divisions (''divisions d'armée''): • 1st Division (Lieutenant-General Baix) – Ghent. • 2nd Mixed Brigade (Ghent) • 2nd Regiment of the Line • 22nd Regiment of the Line • 3rd Mixed Brigade (Ostend) • 3rd Regiment of the Line • 23rd Regiment of the Line • 4th Mixed Brigade (Bruges) • 4th Regiment of the Line • 24th Regiment of the Line • Divisional Cavalry (Bruges) • 3rd Lancers Regiment • Divisional Artillery (Ghent) • 1st Artillery Regiment • Auxiliary units (engineers and logistics) • 2nd Division (Lieutenant-General Dossin) – Antwerp. • 5th Mixed Brigade (Antwerp) • 5th Regiment of the Line • 25th Regiment of the Line • 6th Mixed Brigade (Antwerp) • 6th Regiment of the Line • 26th Regiment of the Line • 7th Mixed Brigade (Antwerp) • 7th Regiment of the Line • 27th Regiment of the Line • Divisional Cavalry (Leuven) • 4th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment (provisional) • Divisional Artillery (Lier) • 2nd Artillery Regiment • Auxiliary units (engineers and logistics) • 3rd Division (Lieutenant-General Leman) – Liège. • 9th Mixed Brigade (Brussels) • 9th Regiment of the Line • 29th Regiment of the Line • 11th Mixed Brigade (Hasselt) • 11th Regiment of the Line • 31st Regiment of the Line • 12th Mixed Brigade (Liège) • 12th Regiment of the Line • 32nd Regiment of the Line • 14th Mixed Brigade (Liège) • 14th Regiment of the Line • 34th Regiment of the Line • Divisional Cavalry (Liège) • 2nd Lancers Regiment • Divisional Artillery (Liège) • 3rd Artillery Regiment • Auxiliary units (engineers and logistics) • 4th Division (Lieutenant-General Michel) – Namur. • 8th Mixed Brigade (Laken) • 8th Regiment of the Line • 28th Regiment of the Line • 10th Mixed Brigade (Namur) • 10th Regiment of the Line • 30th Regiment of the Line • 13th Mixed Brigade (Namur) • 13th Regiment of the Line • 33rd Regiment of the Line • 15th Mixed Brigade (Charleroi) • 1st Chasseurs à Pied Regiment • 4th Chasseurs à Pied Regiment • 24th Regiment of the Line • Divisional Cavalry (Namur) • 1st Lancers Regiment • Divisional Artillery (Tienen) • 4th Artillery Regiment • Auxiliary units (engineers and logistics) • 5th Division (Lieutenant-General Ruwet) – Mons. • 1st Mixed Brigade (Ghent) • 1st Regiment of the Line • 21st Regiment of the Line • 16th Mixed Brigade (Mons) • 2nd Chasseurs à Pied Regiment • 5th Chasseurs à Pied Regiment • 17th Mixed Brigade (Tournai) • 3rd Chasseurs à Pied Regiment • 6th Chasseurs à Pied Regiment • Divisional Cavalry (Mons) • 2nd Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment • Divisional Artillery (Leuven) • 5th Artillery Regiment • Auxiliary units (engineers and logistics) • 6th Division (Lieutenant-General Latonnois van Rode) – Brussels. • 18th Mixed Brigade (Brussels) • 1st Grenadier Regiment • 2nd Grenadier Regiment • 19th Mixed Brigade (Brussels) • 1st Carabiners Regiment • 3rd Carabiners Regiment • 20th Mixed Brigade (Brussels) • 2nd Carabiners Regiment • 4th Carabiners Regiment • Divisional Cavalry (Tournai) • 1st Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment • Divisional Artillery (Brussels) • 6th Artillery Regiment • Auxiliary units (engineers and logistics) • Cavalry Division (Lieutenant-General de Witte) – Brussels. • 1st Brigade (Brussels) • 1st Guides Regiment • 2nd Guides Regiment • 2nd Brigade (Ghent) • 4th Lancers Regiment • 5th Lancers Regiment • 4th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment • Carabiniers-cyclistes battalion • Horse Artillery {{Location map+ |Belgium| width = 950 Each division contained three or four mixed brigades (each with two infantry regiments and one artillery contingent group), one cavalry regiment, and one artillery regiment, as well as various support units. Each infantry regiment contained three battalions, with one regiment in each brigade having a machine-gun company of six guns. An artillery group had three batteries of four guns. The nominal strength of a division varied from 25,500 to 32,000 all ranks, with a total strength of 18 infantry battalions, a cavalry regiment, 18 machine-guns, and 48 guns. Two divisions (the 2nd and 6th) each had an additional artillery regiment, for a total of sixty guns. The Cavalry Division had two brigades of two regiments each, three horse artillery batteries, and a cyclist battalion, along with support units; it had a total strength of 4,500 all ranks with 12 guns, and was therefore little more than a reinforced brigade. On 13 October 1914, the Garde Civique was formally disbanded by Albert I and its members officially incorporated into the regular army. Fortifications The second component of the army were the garrisons deployed to Belgium's three fortified cities. These fortress garrisons numbered approximately 80,000 men. The fortress troops were under local command and the soldiers themselves were generally older and less well-trained than soldiers in the Field Army. Before the war, the Belgian government invested resources in constructing and reinforcing fortifications around the country. These included the National Redoubt at Antwerp, with further fortified chains around the cities of Namur and Liège. The forts, many designed by Henri-Alexis Brialmont, a noted military architect of the nineteenth century, formed an integral part of the Belgian strategy. Between 1859 and 1870, 13 forts had been built around Antwerp and a further 17 were still unfinished by 1914. 12 were built at Liège and eight at Namur. ==See also==