Berber Dahir

A first formulation appeared under the influence of a group of specialists of the Berbers of the High Atlas and the Middle Atlas, such as Maurice Le Glay (civil controller and author of ''Récits de la Plaine et des Monts, Les Sentiers de la Guerre et de l'Amour, La Mort du Rougui'' etc.), a core of professors hostile to pan-Arabism and dogmatic Islam and in collaboration with the bishop of Rabat. The purpose of the dahir was the recognition "Berber Justice," and their independence from the dispotic Arab, urban and Islamic law. The Berber tribes followed their own set of laws and had been allowed to operate and evolve independently for centuries. They elected the heads of their tribes at yearly circles and disliked beheading, stoning, amputation or other brutal Islamic penalties.The dahir recognized that independence and formalized the French policy in Morocco under the governance of the Resident-General Hubert Lyautey, who signed the Dahir of September 11, 1914.[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/comparative-studies-in-society-and-history/article/berber-law-by-french-means-customary-courts-in-the-moroccan-hinterlands-19301956/B10C1347D17D997E74AB657853E0E39C The fundamental characteristic of the policy consisted in preserving the traditional autonomy of Berbers, primarily in the legal field, by disassociating them from the Islamic legislation or "Chrâa" and by maintaining their common law, or "Azref". The Resident General had Sultan Yusef sign the Dahir, or legislative text, which gave it the force of law. The net results were that some Berber tribes were separated from the Sharia and made many Berber courts subject to French jurisdiction. == May 16, 1930 ==

The Dahir of May 16, 1930, performed a similar function to that of the order of September 11, 1914. There were certain clarifications under this new Dahir that met with some resistance. In particular, Article 6 clarified that criminal trials were subject to French courts. ==Nationalist reaction==

Before reaching the sultan, the text drafted by France was translated into Arabic. The translator, Abdellatif Sbihi, alerted nationalists from Salé who saw it as an attempt to "divide Moroccan people", especially with its Article 6. On Friday, June 20, 1930, Imam Ali Haj Awad presided at the Great Mosque of Salé and read the "Ya Latif." Robert Rezette, in his book The Political Parties of Morocco wrote that the campaign against the Berber Dahir began with the recitation of "Ya Latif" in the mosques of Sale. The Ya Latif was a simple prayer chanted during times of calamity. At the noon service, the largest service of the week, the imam incorporated it into his sermon. On July 4, the Ya Latif was recited under the leadership of Mohamed Lyazid, and July 5 at the mosque in Fez Quaraouiyine through Al Alam Chahbi Qorchi. It then spread to other major cities. The text of the Ya Latif read "For our Berber brothers who are deprived of Muslim law and who can no longer live under the law and customs of their ancestors." The goal of the nationalist movement's response to the Berber Dahir was to incite unrest against the French. The Berbers had traditionally been semi-independent and followed their own set of laws and customs. However, the nationalist movement saw this dahir as an attempt to Christianise the Berbers, which was unacceptable in the largely-Islamic nation of Morocco. ==Sultan's reaction==

The Resident-General needed to quickly suppress resistance to the dahir. He exerted pressure on Sultan Muhammad V, who issued a statement on August 11, 1930. That coincided with the celebrations of the prophet's birthday, and the Sultan's statement was read in all the mosques of the country. The Sultan denounced the nationalist movement's tactics in no uncertain terms such as its use of mosques as a source of propaganda. The Sultan reiterated his commitment to the Berber tribes and, in an attempt to combat the Ya Latif, offered an Islamic judge to any Berber tribes that wished to submit to Islamic law. ==Petition against Dahir==

The statement was not enough to stop on August 28, 1930, 100 nationalists from gathering in Ahmed bin Haj Mohamed Lahrech's house in Salé, where Mufti Boubker Zniber wrote the "Petition Against the Berber Dahir", to be sent to Grand Vizier Muhammad al-Muqri by a delegation from Salé. Moroccan activists mobilised to alert the international and Arab press, and Arslan made a brief stop in Morocco to inform and educate the nationalists. == April 8, 1934 ==

In 1934, another Dahir was issued, "Dahir regulating the functioning of justice in the tribes of Berber customs". This ministerial decree of April 8, 1934, returned the Berbers< criminal courts to their own control and effectively undid Article 6 of the Berber Dahir. ==Reflections==

Peaceful demonstrations spread in some parts of the country through the appeal to the "Ya Latif" and were relayed by the Petition of August 28, 1930. They constituted the first organized nationalist backlash against the occupation and led to the withdrawal of France's Berber Dahir. The important historical episode strengthened the nationalist movement and was the beginning of the independence movement. It led to a new petition on January 11, 1944, called the "Manifesto of Independence". == References ==