Betsy Head Park

Betsy Head Park is in two non-contiguous plots of unequal size, diagonally across the intersection of Dumont Avenue and Thomas S. Boyland Street. The park's recreational facilities include three baseball fields, two football fields, eight tennis courts, and six basketball courts. The football fields and four of the basketball courts overlap with the baseball fields and cannot be utilized when the baseball field is in use. The larger plot, at the southwestern corner of Dumont Avenue and Thomas S. Boyland Street, measures and is bounded by Thomas S. Boyland Street to the east, Dumont Avenue to the north, Livonia Avenue to the south, and Strauss Street to the west. A four-lane running track and a synthetic turf field were also added during the 2021 renovation, within what was previously the baseball and football field. A smaller plot exists at the northeastern corner of Dumont Avenue and Thomas S. Boyland Street. This plot, measuring , is bounded by Blake Avenue to the north, Bristol Street to the east, Dumont Avenue to the south, and Thomas S. Boyland Street to the west. The plot measures along the western and eastern boundaries and on the northern and southern boundaries. It occupies one typical city block. Before 2021, this section of the park contained another baseball field with overlapping football field and four overlapping basketball courts; one non-overlapping basketball court; and four tennis courts. One early feature in the smaller plot was a farmhouse and rest station with a "model kitchen", which in turn was adjacent to a small urban farm with 500 plots for schoolchildren to tend. During the 2021 renovation, a skate park, parkour course, and event area was added. == Betsy Head Play Center ==

Original facilities The original facilities were modeled after Armour Square Park in Chicago. The western two-thirds of Betsy Head Park's larger southwestern section was originally designed with a 15,000-to-20,000-capacity stadium containing a running track. A two-story field house, measuring , was just east of the stadium. The field house contained restroom facilities on the ground floor, and 25 club-rooms and 25 lockers on the second floor, while parks commissioner Robert Moses called its plans "better than that adopted in any of the existing pools". Unlike its counterparts around the city, the Betsy Head Play Center never contained a wading pool. It included a main swimming pool, as well as a diving pool that was later filled in. Bathhouse The bathhouse is in Betsy Head Park's southwestern section, with its main entrance along Thomas S. Boyland Street to the east. The eastern facade consists mostly of glass-bricked walls set into a bonded brick wall, which correspond to the walls of the locker rooms inside. Stone coping is at the bottom and top of the facade, and a metal railing is above the stone coping at the top, serving as the handrail for the rooftop deck. The central section of the facade contains the building's main entrance, which is flanked by a curving glass brick wall on either side, and is accessed by a flight of four steps and a wheelchair ramp on the northern side of the steps. A circular brick column rises through the center of the lobby. A cement deck surrounds the pool and is encircled by a chain link fence. Two small islands are in the center of the pool and contain triangular-capped filtration systems. Until the pool was renovated in the early 1980s, these islands contained fountains. The diving pool was south of the main pool. After it was infilled in 2005–2006, the space has contained a volleyball court. A storage area used by NYC Parks is on the east side of the pool area. Concrete bleachers, along with a filter house, were on the southern side of the pool area adjacent to the volleyball court. The concrete bleachers were built with the original bathhouse in 1917 and were surrounded by a wall made of Flemish bond brickwork. The space underneath the bleachers contained five circular windows facing toward Livonia Avenue to the south. The bleacher was replaced with a new entrance in 2021. A two-story brick filter house is to the west and contains a metal doorway and short flight of steps that leads to Livonia Avenue. The former bleachers and filter house area are surrounded by a chain link fence. == History ==

Early history In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Brownsville was a densely populated Jewish neighborhood. An estimated 25,000 people lived in Brownsville by 1900, many of whom lived in severely overcrowded tenements. The neighborhood had little open space, and a local group, the Hebrew Educational Society, recommended the establishment of a public park within Brownsville. Head's $365,000 estate () was divided almost equally between facilities for New York City parks and various city charities; Head's daughter received only $5 (), as she disliked that her daughter had married a foreman. As part of Head's will, $190,000 () was allocated to New York City park facilities. The money was never used for this purpose, so in early 1913 some Brownsville residents asked the New York City Comptroller, William A. Prendergast, for the use of the funds for their own park. This caused controversy, as the land under the proposed park would be funded by a tax paid by landowners in the surrounding community, some of whom opposed paying said tax. In July 1913, the city approved the acquisition of the parkland. The land under the Betsy Head Playground was purchased for $240,000 () and paid-for by Brownsville landowners living within of the site. The park contained a stadium with a running track, and a two-story field house with capacity for 4,000 people per day. In the 1915 Panama–Pacific International Exposition, Betsy Head Park's design received first prize in the New York City Parks portion of the competition. By the time he was in office, several hundred such projects were underway across the city. Moses was especially interested in creating new pools and other bathing facilities, such as those in Jacob Riis Park, Jones Beach, and Orchard Beach. He devised a list of 23 pools around the city, including one at Betsy Head Park. The pools would be built using funds from the Works Progress Administration (WPA), a federal agency created as part of the New Deal to combat the Depression's negative effects. Eleven of these pools were to be designed concurrently and open in 1936. Moses, along with the architects Aymar Embury II and Gilmore David Clarke, created a common design for these proposed aquatic centers. Each location was to have distinct pools for diving, swimming, and wading; bleachers and viewing areas; and bathhouses with locker rooms that could be used as gymnasiums. The pools were to have several common features, such as a minimum length, underwater lighting, heating, and filtration, all constructed using inexpensive materials. To fit the requirement for efficiency and low-cost construction, each building would be built using elements of the Streamline Moderne and Classical architectural styles. The buildings would also be near "comfort stations", additional playgrounds, and spruced-up landscapes. Construction for some of the 11 pools began in October 1934. By mid-1936, ten of the eleven WPA-funded pools were completed and were being opened at a rate of one per week. On August 7, 1936, Betsy Head Park's pool area opened without any ceremony or the mayor in attendance; over eight hundred children spread the news of the opening by word of mouth. The opening was arranged at the last minute, and the diving and wading pools were not yet complete. In September 1936, work started on converting the main pool to winter use, with workers temporarily draining the pool and adding basketball, handball, shuffleboard, tennis, and volleyball facilities. and the pool was closed for the rest of the season. Park commissioner Moses's letter to La Guardia, addressed three days later, advocated for the total replacement of the bathhouse. with a temporary one-story structure that housed the showers. The current one-story bathhouse was opened on May 27, 1939. A new indoor playground in Betsy Head Park, to serve as a community recreation center during the winter, was announced in May 1948 and was supposed to begin the next year. However, by mid-1949 construction still had not started. A running track was opened at Betsy Head Park in 1952, one of eighteen opened citywide. The rest of the indoor Betsy Head Recreation Center was removed from the NYC Parks budget, and the money was instead allocated to the Brownsville Boys Club, which the city acquired in 1954. In the mid-20th century, Brownsville became a mostly African American neighborhood, and Betsy Head Park's patrons came to include boxer Riddick Bowe, who lived in Brownsville. Despite segregation being present at comparable facilities at the time, African American and white children and adults used the facilities without any conflict. Decline and renovations Over the years, multiple children and young adults have drowned at Betsy Head Pool. For instance, a 7-year-old boy drowned in 1947, and a 4-year-old boy also drowned in 1988. A third child, a 5-year-old girl drowned in the pool in 1995, despite the presence of ten lifeguards. The drowning of the 5-year-old girl resulted in greater scrutiny, especially due to the lack of lifeguards around the pool, and resulted in the implementation of more stringent rules the following season, wherein kids under a certain height had to be accompanied by guardians. In 1999, an 18-year-old woman also drowned in the pool. By the 1970s, Betsy Head Park and other city parks were in poor condition following the 1975 New York City fiscal crisis, and were widely seen as being unsafe. NYC Parks commenced a project to restore the pools in several parks in 1977, including at Betsy Head Park. The renovation of Betsy Head Park was approved in January 1981, despite a shortage of employees in general across the NYC Parks system. The diving and swimming pools were rebuilt, the bathhouse was retrofitted with handicapped-accessible locker rooms, and the other recreational facilities in Betsy Head Park were rebuilt. NYC Parks continued to face financial shortfalls in the coming years, and the pools retained a reputation for high crime. For the summer of 1991, mayor David Dinkins had planned to close all 32 outdoor pools in the city, a decision that was only reversed after a $2 million donation from a trust created upon the death of real estate developer Sol Goldman and $1.8 million from other sources. Additionally, in the 1990s, a practice called "whirlpooling" became common in New York City pools such as Betsy Head Park, in which women would be inappropriately fondled by teenage boys. By the beginning of the 21st century, crimes such as sexual assaults had decreased in parks citywide due to increased security. The commission had previously considered the pool for landmark status in 1990, along with the other ten WPA pools in the city. Prototype designs for the construction of Betsy Head Playground were unveiled in 2009. In early 2016, the playground inside the park was renovated for $5.05 million, with an "Imagination Playground" surrounded by a wooden pathway. The new play area, which features movable foam play blocks, is based on the group's Burling Slip playground in Lower Manhattan. Later that year, $30 million was allocated for further improvements to the park's recreational facilities as part of the city's Anchor Parks program. Work on these improvements commenced in 2019. The first phase of the renovation, consisting of renovations to the playground and adjacent recreational areas, was finished in June 2020 for $7 million. The second phase, composed of further recreational additions, was completed in April 2021 for $23 million, though some improvements were not completed until early 2022. ==See also==