Arne Beurling

Beurling was born on 3 February 1905 in Gothenburg, Sweden and was the son of the landowner Konrad Beurling and baroness Elsa Raab. After graduating in 1924, he was enrolled at the Uppsala University where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1926 and two years later a Licentiate of Philosophy degree. ==Career==

Early career Beurling was assistant teacher at Uppsala University from 1931 to 1933. Beurling was a docent of mathematics at Uppsala University from 1933 and then professor of mathematics from 1937 to 1954. The T52 was one of the so-called "Fish cyphers", that, using transposition, created nearly one quintillion (893,622,318,929,520,960) different variations. It took Beurling two weeks to solve the problem using pen and paper. Beurling, who had academic knowledge of the German language, proceeded in the classic way when deciphering a code: By trying to identify high-frequency or unusually long words, and based on some hypotheses, making formulas and tables to test them against other coded messages. Using Beurling's work, a device was created that enabled Sweden to decipher German teleprinter traffic passing through Sweden from Norway on a cable. In this way, Swedish authorities knew about Operation Barbarossa before it occurred. Since the Swedes would not reveal how this knowledge was attained, the Swedish warning was not treated as credible by Soviets. This became the foundation for the Swedish National Defence Radio Establishment (FRA). The cypher in the Geheimfernschreiber is generally considered to be more complex than the cypher used in the Enigma machines. Later life He was visiting professor at Harvard University from 1948 to 1949. From 1954, he was professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, United States, where he took over Albert Einstein's office. He was the doctoral advisor of Lennart Carleson and Carl-Gustav Esseen. ==Personal life==

in Solna. Arne Beurling was first married (1936–40) to Britta Östberg (born 1907), daughter of Henrik Östberg and Gerda Nilsson. In 1950, he married Karin Lindblad (1920–2006), daughter of ironmonger Henric Lindblad and Wanja Bengtsson. He had two children from his first marriage — Pehr-Henrik (1936–1962) and Jane (1938–1992). Beurling's great-grandfather was Pehr Henrik Beurling (1758 or 1763–1806), who founded a high quality clock factory in Stockholm in 1783. ==Death==

Arne Beurling died in 1986 and was buried at Norra begravningsplatsen in Solna. ==In popular culture==

Beurling's prowess as a cryptanalysist is the subject of the 2005 short opera Krypto CEG by Jonas Sjöstrand and Kimmo Eriksson. ==Awards and decorations==

• Knight of the Order of the Polar Star • Knight of the Order of Vasa ==Honours==

• Honorary member of the Göteborgs nation at Uppsala University (1937) ==See also==