Bhotima

The term Bhotima is believed to derive from Sanskrit roots associated with praise or glorification, reflecting its function as a hymn of exaltation. In ancient India, there existed a class of traditional singers known as Bhats or Bhatts, who performed songs of praise called Bhotima. Within the Neo-Vaishnavite tradition of Assam established by Srimanta Sankardeva, different types of Bhotima evolved based on their thematic usage. The hymns praising the deity are known as Dev Bhotima, those used in Ankiya Naat performances are called Nat Bhotima, and compositions glorifying kings are referred to as Raj Bhotima. Similarly, Guru Bhotima comprises the devotional compositions of Madhavdeva, which extol the virtues and spiritual greatness of his guru Sankardeva. == Historical background ==

The origin of Bhotima is closely linked with the Bhakti movement in Assam led by Srimanta Sankardeva, who propagated a monotheistic devotion to Lord Krishna through the Ekasarana Dharma faith. Sankardeva composed numerous devotional works, including Borgeet, Ankiya Naat, and hymns such as Bhotima to disseminate spiritual teachings among the masses. == Literary characteristics ==

Bhotimas are marked by their lyrical and rhetorical style, often employing ornate language and poetic devices to convey devotion. Unlike the more structured and musical Borgeet, Bhotimas are typically recited or chanted rather than sung in strict classical ragas. Common themes include: • Praise of Krishna and his divine attributes • Reverence to the guru, particularly Sankardeva and Madhavdeva • Devotion to sacred scriptures such as the Bhagavata Purana • Moral and spiritual instruction The compositions are usually written in early Assamese with influences from Brajavali, a literary dialect used by Sankardeva. == Religious practice ==

Bhotimas occupy a significant place in the ritual and cultural life of Assamese Vaishnavism. Their recitation serves both as an act of devotion and as a means of preserving the teachings of the Vaishnavite saints. Scholars regard Bhotimas as an important component of the broader corpus of Assamese devotional literature, complementing other forms like Borgeet and Ankiya Naat. == See also ==