Cathedral of Our Lady (Antwerp)

Previous buildings on the site The first Christian missionaries arrived in the 7th century. The first parish church dedicated to Saint Peter and Saint Paul was constructed in the current Sint Michielsstraat. After the Viking raids in 836, the church was damaged and restored, and subsequently dedicated to Saint Michael. In the 10th century, a group of twelve secular canons were connected to this church. They would dedicate all of their time to the Liturgy of the Hours, and mainly opposed the beliefs of the established Roman Catholic Church. Upon hearing of their dissident behavior, the bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai (to which Antwerp belonged at the time) then sent Norbert of Xanten to discipline them. In 1124, Norbert of Xanten convinced four of the secular canons to start a norbertine abbey and thus the parish church became a monastery church, known as St. Michael's Abbey. The eight other secular canons preferred to keep their freedom and moved to a different location, a chapel dedicated to Our Lady, the Virgin Mary. This chapel became Antwerp's new parish church, and was located between the Saint Michael residential area, and an older settlement around the area of Het Steen. Romanesque church and Gothic cathedral Becoming more popular, the chapel was demolished and replaced by a much bigger Romanesque church. The three-aisled nave corresponded in width to the cathedral's current central aisle, the inner and partly the middle aisles. The cloverleaf-shaped eastern section with a full aisle had a width of no less than 42 m. In 1294, the church got a novum opus extension, indicating the first signs of Gothic architecture. In 1352, construction was begun on a new Our Lady's church which would become the largest Gothic church in Belgium. In the beginning, it was to be provided with two towers of equal height. In 1521, after nearly 170 years, the new church of Our Lady was ready. The south tower reached only as far as the third-string course. Damage and later history '', 20 August 1566, by Frans Hogenberg During the night of 5–6 October 1533, the new church caught fire. The Antwerp mayor Lancelot II of Ursel is credited with playing a major part in the salvation of the church. Through his active help and coordination, the cathedral is said to have been saved from total ruin. Nevertheless, 57 altars had not been saved and went up in flames. Lancelot suffered serious injuries but survived the ordeal according to the letters of the Italian chronicler Francesco Guicciardini. The completion of the second tower was delayed due to the fire and was ultimately abandoned. The church was made the cathedral of the bishopric of Antwerp in 1559. It lost this title in 1801 during the period of French occupation of Belgium by the promulgation of the Concordat of 1801. It was made a cathedral again in 1961. During the Iconoclasm of 20 August 1566 (part of the Beeldenstorm at the start of the Eighty Years' War), Protestants destroyed a large part of the cathedral's interior. The eye-witness Richard Clough, a Welsh Protestant merchant then in Antwerp, wrote that the cathedral: "looked like a hell, with above 10,000 torches burning, and such a noise as if heaven and earth had got together, with falling of images and beating down of costly works, such sort that the spoil was so great that a man could not well pass through the church. So that in fine [short], I cannot write you in x sheets of paper the strange sight I saw there, organs and all destroyed." , 1649, National Gallery of Art When Antwerp came under Protestant administration in 1581 a number of artistic treasures were once again destroyed, removed or sold. With the fall of Antwerp in 1585 Roman Catholic authority was restored. In 1794 the French revolutionaries who conquered the region plundered Our Lady's Cathedral and inflicted serious damage. Around 1798, the French administration intended to demolish the building but after each blow, the cathedral was able to recover. In 1816, various important works of art were returned from Paris, including three Rubens masterpieces. Over the course of the 19th century, the church was completely restored and refurnished. The Cathedral was looted and vandalized in 1914 by German soldiers after the Siege of Antwerp (1914). Many of its treasures were taken to Berlin and not returned until after the Armistice of 11 November 1918 Between 1965 and 1993, a complete restoration took place. ==Musical life==

At the beginning of the 15th century, the cathedral's choir started developing an active musical life, and as a result, the cathedral's importance in the history of music soon soared. Johannes Ockeghem, one of the most important composers of the 15th century, served here as a vicar-singer in 1443, and so did Jacob Obrecht between 1492 and 1497. Sixteenth-century choirmasters included Antoine Barbe, Geert van Turnhout, Séverin Cornet, and Andreas Pevernage. Organists who worked at the cathedral include Henry Bredemers (1493–1501), who went on to become a teacher to Philip the Handsome's children and the renowned English composer John Bull (1615–1628), who fled to Flanders from his home country escaping justice. From 1725 to 1731 Willem de Fesch served as Kapelmeester, followed from 1731 to 1737 by Joseph-Hector Fiocco, and from 1737 by André-Joseph Blavier. Lesser known but locally important figures, such as Jacobus Barbireau and Andreas Pevernage, also worked at the cathedral. ==Significant architectural details==

The church's one finished spire is tall, the tallest church tower in the Benelux. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor commented that the spire should be kept under glass, and Napoleon compared the spire to Mechlin lace. The largest bell in the tower requires 16 bell ringers. The west portal features statues which include the missionary Saint Willibrord. He is thought to have spent time in Antwerp in the 7th century. ==Major works of art==

The cathedral holds a number of major works of art: • The effigy from the Tomb of Isabella of Bourbon • The Raising of the Cross – Peter Paul Rubens • Assumption of the Virgin Mary – Peter Paul Rubens • The Descent from the Cross – Peter Paul Rubens • The Resurrection of Christ – Peter Paul Rubens Two of these artworks, The Raising of the Cross (originally the main altarpiece of the St Walburga church) in Antwerp and The Descent from the Cross, were taken to France by the French occupiers during Napoleon's reign. They were returned to the cathedral in the 19th century. The paintings were stolen a second time by the Imperial German Army in 1914 and taken to the Berlin Palace and were only returned after the Armistice of 11 November 1918. File:Peter Paul Rubens - Raising of the Cross (Cathedral of Antwerp).jpg|The Raising of the Cross, Peter Paul Rubens, 1610–11 File:Peter Paul Rubens - Triptych of the Descent from the Cross.jpg|The Descent from the Cross triptych, Rubens, 1612–1614 File:Peter Paul Rubens - Assumption of Mary.jpg |The Assumption of the Virgin, Rubens, 1626 File:Cornelis Schut - Assumption of Mary.jpg|Assumption of Mary, Cornelis Schut, 1648 ==Stained glass==

The cathedral has several stained glass windows with religious images. File:De aartshertogin Albrecht en Isabella in aanbidding voor het kruis, Cornelis Cussers, 17de eeuw, Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekathedraal Antwerpen.jpg|The Archdukes Albert and Isabella worshipping the Cross, Cornelis Cussers, 17th century File:Stained-glass Antwerp 4.jpg|Stained-glass windows. From left to right: Our Lady of Stekske, by Stalins & Janssens, 1878; Saint Ursula and Saint Gaspar, by E. Didron, 1873; and Dedication of the statue of Our Lady of Lourdes by archbishop Deschamps, by Stalins & Janssens, 1885 ==Carillon==

The cathedral has a carillon with 49 bells. The largest bell or bourdon is named Karolus. It was cast on the Groenplaats in 1507 by the brothers Willem & Jaspar Moer from 's Hertogenbosch and weighs 6,434 kilograms (14,185 lb). The inscription indicates that the bell was intended as an hour bell, storm bell and triumphal bell. Karolus was the third storm bell that served in the tower. The bell was consecrated on 15 August 1507 in the presence of Karel, Lord of the Netherlands (the later Emperor Charles V), after whom the bell is named. ==Burials==

, Artus Quellinus II, 17th century Inside the Cathedral some important graves still can be found, amongst them family members of the noble houses of Rubens, Fourment, Goubau, Tucher, Plantin, Moretus, de Borrekens, etc. Some stones were resited there after Saint-Michael's abbey church was lost. ==Facts and figures==