Bitches Brew

By 1969, Davis's core working band consisted of Wayne Shorter on soprano saxophone, Dave Holland on bass, Chick Corea on electric piano, and Jack DeJohnette on drums. The group, minus DeJohnette, recorded In a Silent Way (1969), which also featured Joe Zawinul, John McLaughlin, Tony Williams, and Herbie Hancock. The album marked the beginning of Davis's "electric period", incorporating instruments such as the electric piano, guitar, and jazz fusion styles. For his next studio album, Davis wished to explore his electronic and fusion style even further. While touring with his five-piece from the spring to August 1969, he introduced new pieces for his band to play, including early versions of what became "Miles Runs the Voodoo Down", "Sanctuary", and "Spanish Key". At this point in his career Davis was influenced by contemporary rock and funk music, Zawinul's playing with Cannonball Adderley, and the work of English composer Paul Buckmaster. In August 1969, Davis gathered his band for a rehearsal, one week prior to the booked recording sessions. As well as his five-piece, they were joined by Zawinul, McLaughlin, Larry Young, Lenny White, Don Alias, Juma Santos, and Bennie Maupin. "John McLaughlin" and "Sanctuary" were also recorded during the August 19 session. Towards the end, the group rehearsed "Pharaoh's Dance". Despite his reputation as a "cool", melodic improviser, much of Davis's playing on this album is aggressive and explosive, often playing fast runs and venturing into the upper register of the trumpet. His closing solo on "Miles Runs the Voodoo Down" is particularly noteworthy in this regard. Davis did not perform on the short piece "John McLaughlin". Electric bassist Harvey Brooks was unusual among the musicians in having virtually no jazz experience, though he had worked extensively in rock and pop. ==Album title==

It is not known where the album title came from, and there are various theories about it. Some believe it was a reference to women in Davis's life who were introducing him to cultural changes in the 1960s. Other explanations have been given. ==Post-production==

Significant editing was made to the recorded music. Short sections were spliced together to create longer pieces, brief fragments were looped or repeated, and various effects were applied to the recordings. "Miles Runs the Voodoo Down" is the only track without any editing, presented exactly as it was recorded in the studio. Paul Tingen reports: Though Bitches Brew was in many ways revolutionary, perhaps its most important innovation was rhythmic. The rhythm section for this recording consists of two bassists (one playing bass guitar, the other double bass), two to three drummers, two to three electric piano players, and a percussionist, all playing at the same time. As Paul Tanner, Maurice Gerow, and David Megill explain, "like rock groups, Davis gives the rhythm section a central role in the ensemble's activities. His use of such a large rhythm section offers the soloists wide but active expanses for their solos." ==Release==

Bitches Brew was released in March 1970. It gained commercial momentum for the next four months and peaked at No. 35 on the U.S. Billboard 200 for the week of July 4, 1970. This remains Davis's second best performance on the chart behind Kind of Blue, which has peaked at number 3 on Vinyl and number 12 in 2020. On September 22, 2003, the album was certified platinum by the RIAA for selling one million copies in the U.S. In addition to the standard stereo version, the album was also mixed for quadraphonic sound. Columbia released a quad LP version, using the SQ matrix system, in 1971. Sony reissued the album in Japan in 2018 on the Super Audio CD format containing both the complete stereo and quadraphonic mixes. ==Reception and legacy==

Reviewing for Rolling Stone in 1970, Langdon Winner said Bitches Brew shows Davis's music expanding in "beauty, subtlety and sheer magnificence", finding it "so rich in its form and substance that it permits and even encourages soaring flights of imagination by anyone who listens". He concluded that the album would "reward in direct proportion to the depth of your own involvement". Village Voice critic Robert Christgau deemed it "good music that's very much like jazz and something like rock", naming it the year's best jazz album and Davis "jazzman of the year" in his ballot for Jazz & Pop magazine. Years later, he had lost some enthusiasm about the album; in ''Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), he called Bitches Brew'' "a brilliant wash of ideas, so many ideas that it leaves an unfocused impression", with Tony Williams' steadier rock rhythms from In a Silent Way replaced by "subtle shades of Latin and funk polyrhythm that never gather the requisite fervor". He concluded that the music sounded "enormously suggestive, and never less than enjoyable, but not quite compelling. Which is what rock is supposed to be." Selling more than one million copies since it was released, Bitches Brew was viewed by some writers in the 1970s as the album that spurred jazz's renewed popularity with mainstream audiences that decade. As Michael Segell wrote in 1978, jazz was "considered commercially dead" by the 1960s until the album's success "opened the eyes of music-industry executives to the sales potential of jazz-oriented music". This led to other fusion records that "refined" Davis's new style of jazz and sold millions of copies, including Head Hunters (1973) by Herbie Hancock and George Benson's 1976 album ''Breezin'''. Tom Hull, who would later become a jazz critic, has said, "Back in the early '70s we used to listen to Bitches Brew as late night chill-out music – about the only jazz I ran into at the time." According to independent scholar Jane Garry, Bitches Brew defined and popularized the jazz fusion genre, also known as jazz-rock, but it was hated by a number of purists. Jazz critic and producer Bob Rusch recalled, "This to me was not great Black music, but I cynically saw it as part and parcel of the commercial crap that was beginning to choke and bastardize the catalogs of such dependable companies as Blue Note and Prestige.... I hear it 'better' today because there is now so much music that is worse." Despite the controversy the album stirred among the jazz community, it nonetheless topped DownBeats annual critics' poll in 1970. The Penguin Guide to Jazz called Bitches Brew "one of the most remarkable creative statements of the last half-century, in any artistic form. It is also profoundly flawed, a gigantic torso of burstingly noisy music that absolutely refuses to resolve itself under any recognized guise." In 2003, the album was ranked number 94 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. In the 2020 list, it climbed to number 87. Along with this accolade, the album has been ranked at or near the top of several other magazines' "best albums" lists in disparate genres. The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. In 2024, Paste ranked Bitches Brew number 12 on its list of the greatest albums of all-time. Experimental jazz drummer Bobby Previte considered Bitches Brew to be "groundbreaking": "How much groundbreaking music do you hear now? It was music that you had that feeling you never heard quite before. It came from another place. How much music do you hear now like that?" Thom Yorke, singer of the English rock band Radiohead, cited it as an influence on their 1997 album OK Computer: "It was building something up and watching it fall apart, that's the beauty of it. It was at the core of what we were trying to do." The singer Bilal names it among his 25 favorite albums, citing Davis's stylistic reinvention. Rock and jazz musician Donald Fagen criticized the album as "essentially just a big trash-out for Miles ... To me it was just silly, and out of tune, and bad. I couldn't listen to it. It sounded like [Davis] was trying for a funk record, and just picked the wrong guys. They didn't understand how to play funk. They weren't steady enough." ==Track listing==

Musicians "Bitches Brew" "John McLaughlin" (omit Brooks, Shorter and Davis) "Sanctuary" (omit McLaughlin, Maupin, Brooks and White) Recorded August 19, 1969 • Miles Davis – trumpet • Wayne Shorter – soprano saxophone • Bennie Maupin – bass clarinet • Joe Zawinul – electric piano (left) • Chick Corea – electric piano (right) • John McLaughlin – electric guitar • Dave Holland – bass • Harvey Brooks – electric bass • Lenny White – drum set (left) • Jack DeJohnette – drum set (right) • Don Alias – congas • Juma Santos (credited as "Jim Riley") – shaker, congas "Miles Runs the Voodoo Down" Recorded August 20, 1969 • Miles Davis – trumpet • Wayne Shorter – soprano saxophone • Bennie Maupin – bass clarinet • Joe Zawinul – electric piano (left) • Chick Corea – electric piano (right) • John McLaughlin – electric guitar • Dave Holland – electric bass • Harvey Brooks – electric bass • Don Alias – drum set (left) • Jack DeJohnette – drum set (right) • Juma Santos (credited as "Jim Riley") – congas "Spanish Key" '''"Pharaoh's Dance"''' Recorded August 21, 1969 • Miles Davis – trumpet • Wayne Shorter – soprano saxophone • Bennie Maupin – bass clarinet • Joe Zawinul – electric piano (left) • Larry Young – electric piano (center) • Chick Corea – electric piano (right) • John McLaughlin – electric guitar • Dave Holland – bass • Harvey Brooks – electric bass • Lenny White – drum set (left) • Jack DeJohnette – drum set (right) • Don Alias – congas • Juma Santos (credited as "Jim Riley") – shaker "Feio" Recorded January 28, 1970 • Miles Davis – trumpet • Wayne Shorter – soprano saxophone • Bennie Maupin – bass clarinet • Joe Zawinul – electric piano (left) • Chick Corea – electric piano (right) • John McLaughlin – electric guitar • Dave Holland – electric bass • Billy Cobham – drum set (left) • Jack DeJohnette – drum set (right) • Airto Moreira – percussion and cuica Production • Teo Macero – producer • Frank Laico – engineer (August 19, 1969 session) • Stan Tonkel – engineer (all other sessions) • Mark Wilder – mastering • Mati Klarwein – cover painting • Bob Belden – reissue producer • Michael Cuscuna – reissue producer ==Charts==