Black-banded crake

The black-banded crake was formally described in 1868 by the English ornithologists Philip Sclater and Osbert Salvin based a specimen collected in eastern Peru. They placed the species in the genus Porzana and coined the binomial name Porzana fasciata. The closest relatives of the black-banded crake were uncertain and the species was variously placed in the genera Porzana, Laterallus and Anurolimnas. Based on a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2023 the black-banded crake is now placed with four other crakes in the genus Rufirallus that had been introduced in 1856 by the French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte. The specific epithet fasciatus is Late Latin meaning "banded", from Latin fascia meaning "band" or "stripe".. The species is considered to be monotypic: no subspecies are recognised. ==Description==

The black-banded crake is long. The sexes are alike. Adults have a dark horn or blackish bill. Their head, throat, and breast are rufous. Their back, rump, and wings are deep olive-brown, with a light reddish tinge to the inner flight feathers. Their belly, vent, and undertail coverts are cinnamon-rufous with heavy black bars. Their legs and feet are bright coral red. Immatures have a paler head and breast than adults. Their upperparts' olive-brown has a chestnut wash and the barring on their underparts is olive-brown. One author described the black-banded crake's song as "a rubbery, musical trill, deeper and more bubbly than that of [other] Laterallus crakes." The female sings a shorter version of the song than the male. ==Distribution and habitat==

The black-banded crake is found in the western Amazon Basin, from southeastern Colombia south through eastern Ecuador to south-central Peru and east into western Brazil. It inhabits humid landscapes with a dense understory such as secondary forest, where it especially favors overgrown agricultural plots in tropical evergreen forest. It also favors thickets of Heliconia and, on river islands, stands of Cecropia. In elevation it is mostly found below but reaches as high as locally in Ecuador. The black-banded crake is a year-round resident throughout its range. ==Behavior==

Feeding The black-banded crake forages on damp ground in dense cover, where it searches for food in leaf litter. Its diet has not been documented but is assumed to be invertebrates and seeds. Breeding Almost nothing is known about the black-banded crake's breeding biology. It vigorously defends territories of up to about . It makes a dome nest of grass with a side entrance. One was sited on a fallen limb about above the ground. ==Conservation status==

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed the black-banded crake as being of Least Concern. It has a large range but its population size and trend are not known. No immediate threats have been identified. Authors describe it as "rare to locally fairly common" in Ecuador and "rare but widespread" in Peru. The species "may even benefit from low levels of human disturbance, taking advantage of edge habitats around small garden plots." ==Notes==