Origins The Bloc Québécois was formed in 1990 as an informal coalition of Progressive Conservative and Liberal Members of Parliament from Quebec, who left their original parties around the time of the defeat of the
Meech Lake Accord. The party was intended to be temporary and was given the goal of the promotion of sovereignty at the federal level. The party aimed to disband following a successful
referendum on secession from Canada. As with most parties, it has gained and lost prominent supporters over the years. Bouchard abandoned the government in May 1990 in response to the report of a commission headed by
Jean Charest that suggested changes to the Meech Lake Accord. Bouchard felt the recommendations for change undermined the objectives and spirit of the accord. According to
The Secret Mulroney Tapes he was fired by Prime Minister Mulroney. Bouchard was joined by five of his fellow Tories (
Nic Leblanc,
Louis Plamondon,
Benoît Tremblay,
Gilbert Chartrand, and
François Gérin), along with two Liberals (
Gilles Rocheleau and
Jean Lapierre). The first Bloquiste candidate to be elected was
Gilles Duceppe, then a union organizer, in
a by-election for the
Montreal riding of
Laurier—Sainte-Marie on 13 August 1990. He ran as an independent, since the Bloc had not been registered as a federal party.
First election and Official Opposition In the
1993 federal election, the Bloc won 54 seats (out of 75) in Quebec, sweeping nearly all of the francophone ridings. Because the opposition vote in the rest of Canada was split between the
Reform Party, the Progressive Conservative Party, and the
New Democratic Party, the Bloc narrowly won the second largest number of seats in the House of Commons, and therefore became the
official opposition. While Reform finished second in the national popular vote, the Bloc's heavy concentration of support in Quebec was slightly larger than Reform's concentration in the West. Soon after the 35th Parliament convened, Bouchard announced that Bloquiste MPs would only speak French on the floor of the House of Commons, a policy that remains in force to this day. This was out of necessity; although Bouchard and most of the Bloc's founding members were fluently bilingual in French and English, Bouchard had discovered that most of his large caucus could not speak English well enough to use it in debate. The election of such a relatively large number of Bloquistes was the first of
The Three Periods, a plan intended to lay out the way to sovereignty created by PQ leader
Jacques Parizeau. Parizeau became
Premier of Quebec in the
Quebec election of 1994 (the second of the
Three Periods). Because the Bloc was the official opposition, it had considerable privileges over the other parties although all of its MPs had been elected in one province. For instance,
Question Periods during the 35th Parliament were dominated by issues of national unity. However, the governing Liberals regarded Reform as their main opposition on non-Quebec matters. Also, in 1995, when Bouchard garnered an invitation to meet visiting US President
Bill Clinton by virtue of being Opposition Leader, Reform leader
Preston Manning was also given a meeting with Clinton in order to defuse Bouchard's separatist leverage.
1995 Quebec referendum and aftermath In 1995, the PQ government called the second
referendum on independence in
Quebec history. The Bloc entered the campaign for the
Oui (Yes) side (in favour of sovereignty). The
Oui side's campaign had a difficult beginning, so the leadership of the campaign was shifted from PQ leader Jacques Parizeau to Bloc leader Lucien Bouchard. Bouchard was seen as more charismatic and more moderate, and therefore more likely to attract voters. A "tripartite agreement" mapping out the plan for accession to independence was written and signed by the leaders of the Parti Québécois, the Bloc Québécois and the
Action démocratique du Québec on 12 June 1995. It revived
René Lévesque's notion that the referendum should be followed by the negotiating of an association agreement between an independent Quebec and the rest of Canada. This provision was inspired by Bouchard. Parizeau had previously wanted a vote simply on independence. The difference became moot when 50.6% of voters taking part in the referendum rejected the sovereignty plan. An overwhelming "Non" vote in Montreal tipped the balance. The day after the referendum, Parizeau announced his pending resignation as PQ leader and
Premier of Quebec. Bouchard left federal politics and succeeded Parizeau in both posts on 26 January 1996. Following Bouchard's departure from Ottawa,
Michel Gauthier became
leader of the Bloc. In the wake of the referendum defeat, Gauthier proved unable to hold the fractious caucus together and resigned as leader just one year later. Gilles Duceppe, who had served as interim leader between Bouchard and Gauthier, became leader of the Bloc in 1997.
Party under Gilles Duceppe In the
1997 federal election, the Bloc Québécois dropped to 44 seats, losing official opposition status to the Reform Party. The 1997–2000 term was marked by the Bloc's fight against the passage of the
Clarity Act, the attempt by Canadian Prime Minister
Jean Chrétien (himself a Quebecer who represented a strongly nationalist riding) and
Stéphane Dion, a Quebec minister in Chrétien's cabinet, to codify the
Supreme Court of Canada's
1998 decision that Quebec could not secede unilaterally. In the
2000 election, the Bloc dropped further to 38 seats, despite polling a larger percentage of the vote than at the previous election. One factor was the
forced merger of several major Quebec cities, such as
Montreal,
Quebec City and
Hull/
Gatineau. The merger was very unpopular in those areas, resulting in Liberal wins in several of the merged areas. This was still more than the number of seats the Liberals had won in Quebec. However, the Liberals won several subsequent by-elections during the life of the 37th Parliament, until the Liberals had held the majority of Quebec's seats in the Commons for the first time since the
1984 federal election. From then to the subsequent election, the Bloc continued to denounce the federal government's interventions in what the Bloc saw as exclusively provincial jurisdictions. The Bloc credits its actions for the uncovering of what has since become the
sponsorship scandal. The Bloc continued to slide in most of the 2003 opinion polls following the
2003 Quebec election which was won by the federalist
Quebec Liberal Party led by
Jean Charest. However, things changed during the winter of 2003. The federalist Charest government lost popularity. Then, in February 2004, the Auditor General of Canada uncovered the
sponsorship scandal, suggesting illegality in the spending of federal monies in Quebec in support of Canadian unity. As well, the
Liberal government of
Jean Chrétien passed party financing legislation that resulted in the Bloc receiving millions of dollars in subsidies that helped to stabilize its organization. For the
2004 election, the Bloc adopted the slogan
Un parti propre au Québec, a play on words that can be translated either as "A party of Quebec's own" ("a party proper to Quebec") or as "A clean party in Quebec". The Bloc won 54 seats in the House of Commons, tying its previous record from the 1993 campaign. For the
2006 election, the Bloc used the slogan ''Heureusement, ici, c'est le Bloc!'' ("Fortunately, the Bloc is here!"). The Bloc were expected to easily win more than 60 seats at the start of the campaign, and they did in fact take six seats from the Liberals. However, the unexpected surge of the new
Conservative Party of Canada in parts of Quebec, particularly in and around Quebec City, led to the Bloc losing eight seats to the Tories. Coupled with an additional loss to
André Arthur, an independent candidate, the Bloc recorded a net loss of three seats. The Conservative Party won a plurality of seats in the House of Commons, thus forming a
minority government. There was persistent speculation as to the possibility of the Bloc forming alliances with other opposition parties to wrest the government away from the Conservatives. Duceppe, whose leadership was confirmed after the election, maintained that the Bloc would continue to co-operate with other opposition parties or with the government when this advantaged Quebec, but would not participate in a federal government. Gilles Duceppe announced on 11 May 2007 that he would run for the leadership of the Parti Québécois to replace
André Boisclair, who resigned on 8 May 2007, after the poor performance in the March 2007
Quebec provincial election and internal dissent forced him to step down. Duceppe announced the next day that he was withdrawing from the race, and that he would support
Pauline Marois who had also announced her intention to run. The Bloc made slight gains following the
2008 federal elections as they won 49 seats, one more than the number they had before the
previous parliament was dissolved. In that election, they used the slogan "''''" ("Present for Quebec"). Although they made small gains in relation to the number of seats at dissolution, they fell by 2 seats to 49 in comparison to the 51 they received in 2006. Also, the proportion of popular votes in the province was down 4 points to 38.1%, the Bloc's lowest score since 1997. In a speech in front of his supporters following the election, BQ leader Gilles Duceppe claimed to have achieved his objectives, adding: "without the Bloc Québécois tonight, Mr. Harper would have formed a majority government". At the end of November 2008, the Bloc indicated that it would support a
possible motion of no confidence against the governing Conservatives by the two other opposition parties, and would support the resulting Liberal-NDP coalition government at least until June 2010, without actually being part of the government.
Coalition attempt On 26 March 2011, Bloc Québécois leader Duceppe stated that Conservative leader Stephen Harper had in 2004 tried to form a
coalition government with the Bloc and NDP in response to Harper's allegations that the Liberals intended to form a coalition with the Bloc and the NDP. Two months after the 2004 federal election, Stephen Harper privately met with BQ leader Gilles Duceppe and New Democratic Party leader
Jack Layton in a Montreal hotel. At the news conference, Harper said: "It is the Parliament that's supposed to run the country, not just the largest party and the single leader of that party. That's a criticism I've had and that we've had and that most Canadians have had for a long, long time now so this is an opportunity to start to change that." However, at the time, Harper and the two other opposition leaders denied trying to form a coalition government, despite the letter written to the governor general. Elected to Parliament in this election were incumbents
Louis Plamondon,
André Bellavance,
Maria Mourani and rookie MP
Jean-François Fortin. When the 41st Parliament convened on 2 June 2011, Plamondon became the Bloc's interim parliamentary leader.
Vivian Barbot served as interim leader and party president following Duceppe's resignation until the party's 2011 leadership election. The
Bloc Québécois leadership election campaign to choose a permanent successor to Duceppe began on 17 September 2011 and concluded on 11 December with the election of former MP for
Hochelaga Daniel Paillé as party leader. Plamondon, the longest-serving member of the Commons, served as parliamentary leader during Paillé's tenure as he did not have a seat. On 28 February 2013,
Claude Patry defected from the
New Democratic Party and joined the Bloc, citing his disagreement with the New Democratic Party on the subject of Quebec sovereignty, bringing the party's total seats in Parliament up to five. The caucus fell back to four MPs on 12 September 2013 when Mourani, the party's only remaining member from Montreal, was expelled for her comments criticizing the
Parti Québécois government's proposed Charter of Quebec Values. Paillé stepped down as leader on 16 December 2013 because of health reasons. A
leadership election was held the following June. Hardliner
Mario Beaulieu, a former president of the
Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste who had never been a Member of Parliament nor a member of
Quebec's National Assembly, was elected party leader after running on a platform of prioritizing Quebec independence above all else. He defeated BQ Member of Parliament
André Bellavance, who had campaigned on a platform of broadening the Bloc beyond being a coalition of sovereigntists and had been endorsed by the rest of the party's caucus. On 12 August 2014, the caucus was reduced to three MPs when the Bloc's interim parliamentary leader,
Jean-François Fortin, quit the party to sit as an independent saying that the Bloc Québécois he had joined no longer existed and that Beaulieu had destroyed its credibility. On 25 August 2014, former interim parliamentary leader and failed leadership contender
André Bellavance also resigned, reducing the Bloc to two MPs – one of whom,
Claude Patry, had announced that he would not run for re-election. On 31 December 2014, the party's vice president, Annie Lessard, resigned after a personality conflict with leader Mario Beaulieu.
Return and departure of Duceppe With two seats left in parliament, and with the party languishing in the polls a few months before an expected election campaign, it was announced 10 June 2015 that Gilles Duceppe would be returning to lead the party into the campaign; Beaulieu would relinquish the leadership but remain party president. The party executive agreed on 9 June 2015, to split the positions of president and party leader in order to facilitate Duceppe's return. The changes were approved by the party's general council on 1 July. showing support for Bloc Québécois candidates by riding During the
2015 federal election, the Bloc Québécois had hoped to pick up seats from the collapsing NDP vote; however, most Quebecers instead switched their allegiance to the Liberals and Conservatives rather than back to the Bloc. While the Bloc managed to win 10 seats, more than twice that of the previous election, it was not enough to gain official party status. The party's share of the popular vote in Quebec fell to 19%, its lowest point up until that time. As in 2011, Duceppe failed to win his own seat, and resigned again as party leader.
Party under Martine Ouellet (2017–2018) The party was led on an interim basis by
Rhéal Fortin until the
Bloc Québécois leadership election in March 2017 acclaimed
Martine Ouellet, a member of the provincial
National Assembly of Quebec, as party leader. Ouellet is not a Member of Parliament and intended to see out her term in the provincial legislature until the next provincial election in October 2018. On 28 February 2018, seven of the Bloc's ten MPs quit the party's caucus to form the Groupe parlementaire québécois (later called
Québec debout) citing conflicts with Ouellet's leadership style and her insistence that the Bloc should emphasize promoting Quebec independence over "defending Quebec's interests". Three MPs remained in the Bloc's caucus:
Mario Beaulieu (
La Pointe-de-l'Île),
Xavier Barsalou-Duval (
Pierre-Boucher—Les Patriotes—Verchères), and
Marilène Gill (
Manicouagan). More than 20 ex-Bloc MPs, including
Gilles Duceppe, issued an
open letter supporting the seven current MPs who had resigned from caucus and demanding Ouellet's resignation. Nevertheless, after a lengthy meeting, the party's executive issued a statement supporting Ouellet's leadership but also stating that the seven rebels could keep their Bloc Québécois memberships and would not be expelled from the party for quitting the caucus, inviting them to return to the caucus in the future. A
Léger Marketing poll conducted shortly after put the Bloc Quebecois at 12% among Quebec voters, its lowest rating ever. Following an election this would likely translate into zero seats, putting the survival of the party into question for the
2019 federal election. A
leadership review referendum was held on Ouellet's leadership on 1 and 2 June 2018 resulting in the party membership rejecting her leadership by 67%, while a proposal that the party prioritize Quebec independence on a daily basis above all other issues also passed with 65% support. Ouellet subsequently announced her resignation as party leader effective 11 June 2018. Following the announcement of Ouellet's resignation, MPs
Michel Boudrias and
Simon Marcil announced they would rejoin the party, while party president and MP
Mario Beaulieu was named Ouelett's successor on an interim basis until her successor could be chosen. On 22 August 2018, as part of an agreement to reunite the party, Beaulieu ceded the party presidency to Yves Perron; on 17 September 2018, the remaining MPs who had defected from the Bloc rejoined the party and dissolved their breakaway group,
Québec debout.
Party under Yves-François Blanchet (2019–present) As the only candidate to have entered the race by the 15 January 2019 deadline, former
Parti Québécois cabinet minister
Yves-François Blanchet was named leader on 17 January 2019. After Blanchet became leader the BQ saw its support increasing in Quebec during the
2019 federal election, which some considered to have exceeded expectations. The BQ increased its number of seats from 10 in 2015, to 32 seats in 2019, both overtaking the
NDP to become the third largest party in Canada and regaining
official party status. In the
2021 Canadian federal election, the BQ led by Blanchet won 32 seats, unchanged from the prior election. The Bloc Québécois held a leadership confidence vote in May 2023. Blanchet won 97% of the vote. In September 2024, the BQ won a competitive
by-election in
LaSalle—Émard—Verdun in
Montreal. In the
2025 Canadian federal election, the BQ led by Blanchet won 22 seats, a significant decrease from the prior election. ==Relationship with the Parti Québécois==