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Boeing 727

The Boeing 727 is an American narrow-body airliner that was developed and produced by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. After the heavier 707 quad-jet was introduced in 1958, Boeing addressed the demand for shorter flight lengths from smaller airports. On December 5, 1960, the 727 was launched with 40 orders each from United Airlines and Eastern Air Lines. The first 727-100 rolled out on November 27, 1962, first flew on February 9, 1963, and entered service with Eastern on February 1, 1964.

Development
Aviation department Boeing 727, showing the three-crew cockpit (2015) The Boeing 727 design was a compromise among United Airlines, American Airlines, and Eastern Air Lines; each of the three had developed requirements for a jet airliner to serve smaller cities with shorter runways and fewer passengers. United Airlines requested a four-engine aircraft for its flights to high-altitude airports, especially its hub at Stapleton International Airport in Denver, Colorado. The two designs had a similar layout, the 727 being slightly larger. At that time Boeing intended to use three Allison AR963 turbofan engines, license-built versions of the Rolls-Royce RB163 Spey used by the Trident. Boeing and de Havilland each sent engineers to the other company's locations to evaluate each other's designs, but Boeing eventually decided against the joint venture. De Havilland had wanted Boeing to license-build the D.H.121, while Boeing felt that the aircraft needed to be designed for the American market, with six-abreast seating and the ability to use runways as short as . In 1960, Pratt & Whitney was looking for a customer for its new JT8D turbofan design study, based on its J52 (JT8A) turbojet, while United and Eastern were interested in a Pratt & Whitney alternative to the RB163 Spey. Once Pratt & Whitney agreed to go ahead with development of the JT8D, Eddie Rickenbacker, chairman of the board of Eastern, told Boeing that the airline preferred the JT8D for its 727s. Boeing had not offered the JT8D, as it was about heavier than the RB163, though slightly more powerful; the RB163 was also further along in development than the JT8D. Boeing reluctantly agreed to offer the JT8D as an option on the 727, and it later became the sole powerplant. With high-lift devices on its wing, the 727 could use shorter runways than most earlier jets (e.g. the runway at Key West International Airport). A later 727 model, the 727-200, was stretched by 20 feet (6.10 metres) to carry 58 more passengers and replaced earlier jet airliners on short- and medium-haul routes such as the Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8, as well as aging propeller airliners such as the DC-4, DC-6, DC-7, and the Lockheed Constellations. For over a decade, more 727s were built per year than any other jet airliner; in 1984, production ended with 1,832 built ==Design==
Design
) with its distinctive rear airstairs The airliner's middle engine (engine 2) at the very rear of the fuselage gets air from an inlet ahead of the vertical fin through an S-shaped duct. This S-duct proved to be troublesome in that flow distortion in the duct induced a surge in the centerline engine on the take-off of the first flight of the 727-100. This was fixed by the addition of several large vortex generators in the inside of the first bend of the duct. Boeing 727 The 727 was designed for smaller airports, so independence from ground facilities was an important requirement. This led to one of the 727's most distinctive features: the built-in airstair that opens from the rear underbelly of the fuselage, which initially could be opened in flight. The design included an auxiliary power unit (APU), which allowed electrical and air-conditioning systems to run independently of a ground-based power supply, and without having to start one of the main engines. An unusual design feature is that the APU is mounted in a hole in the keel beam web, in the main landing gear bay. of a Boeing 727 (from AeroSur) with its distinctive T-tail and S-shaped duct feeding the center engine in the tail cone. The 727 proved to be such a reliable and versatile airliner that it came to form the core of many startup airlines' fleets. The 727 was successful with airlines worldwide partly because it could use smaller runways while still flying medium-range routes. This allowed airlines to carry passengers from cities with large populations, but smaller airports to worldwide tourist destinations. One of the features that gave the 727 its ability to land on shorter runways was its clean wing design. Fowler flaps) could be used on the entire wing. Together, these high-lift devices produced a maximum wing lift coefficient of 3.0 (based on the flap-retracted wing area). These carriers' Pilots' Operation Handbooks disallowed using more than 30° of flaps on the 727, even going so far as installing plates on the flap lever slot to prevent selection of more than 30° of flaps. Noise mixer for theJT8D-1 through -17 engines Current regulations require that a 727, or any other Stage 2 noise jetliner in commercial service must be retrofitted with a hush kit to reduce engine noise to Stage 3 levels to continue to fly in U.S. airspace. These regulations have been in effect since December 31, 1999. One such hush kit is offered by FedEx, and has been purchased by over 60 customers. Aftermarket winglet kits, originally developed by Valsan Partners and later marketed by Quiet Wing Corp. have been installed on many 727s to reduce noise at lower speeds, as well as to reduce fuel consumption. In addition, Raisbeck Engineering developed packages to enable 727s to meet the Stage 3 noise requirements. These packages managed to get light- and medium-weight 727s to meet Stage 3 with simple changes to the flap and slat schedules. For heavier-weight 727s, exhaust mixers must be added to meet Stage 3. Since September 1, 2010, 727 jetliners (including those with a hush kit) are banned from some Australian airports because they are too loud. ==Operational history==
Operational history
727-25C in 1993 retired its last 727 from scheduled service in April 2003 retired its last 727 from charter service in June 2003 operated the last scheduled 727 passenger flight in 2019. In addition to domestic flights of medium range, the 727 was popular with international passenger airlines. The range of flights it could cover (and the additional safety added by the third engine) meant that the 727 proved efficient for short- to medium-range international flights in areas around the world. The 727 also proved popular with cargo and charter airlines. FedEx Express introduced 727s in 1978. In 1988 in order to make the aircraft quieter, FedEx in collaboration with Pratt & Whitney replaced the side engines with more efficient, quieter Pratt & Whitney JT8D low-bypass turbofan jet engines. The 727s were the backbone of FedEx's fleet until 2007 when it began replacing them with Boeing 757s. A military version, the Boeing C-22, was operated as a medium-range transport aircraft by the Air National Guard and National Guard Bureau to airlift personnel. A total of three C-22Bs were in use, all assigned to the 201st Airlift Squadron, District of Columbia Air National Guard. At the start of the 21st century, the 727 remained in service with a few large airlines. Faced with higher fuel costs, lower passenger volumes due to the post-9/11 economic climate, increasing restrictions on airport noise, and the extra expenses of maintaining older planes and paying flight engineers' salaries, most major airlines phased out their 727s; they were replaced by twin-engined aircraft, which are quieter and more fuel-efficient. Modern airliners also have a smaller flight deck crew of two pilots, while the 727 required two pilots and a flight engineer. Delta Air Lines, the last major U.S. carrier to do so, retired its last 727 from scheduled service in April 2003. Northwest Airlines retired its last 727 from charter service in June 2003. Many airlines replaced their 727s with either the 737-800 or the Airbus A320; both are close in size to the 727-200. , a total of 109 Boeing 727s were in commercial service with 34 airlines; three years later, the total had fallen to 64 airframes in service with 26 airlines. On March 2, 2016, the first 727 produced (N7001U), which first flew on February 9, 1963, made a flight to a museum after extensive restoration. The 727-100 had carried about three million passengers during its years of service. Originally a prototype, it was later sold to United Airlines, which donated it to the Museum of Flight in Seattle in 1991. The jet was restored over 25 years by the museum and was ferried from Paine Field in Everett, Washington to Boeing Field in Seattle, where it was put on permanent display at the Aviation Pavilion. The Federal Aviation Administration granted the museum a special permit for the 15-minute flight. The museum's previous 727-223, tail number N874AA, was donated to the National Airline History Museum in Kansas City and was planned to be flown to its new home once FAA ferry approval was granted. After a series of financial problems with the restoration, N874AA was seized by Boeing Field for nonpayment of storage fees in 2021 and subsequently broken up and scrapped. Iran Aseman Airlines, the last passenger airline operator, made the worldwide last scheduled 727 passenger flight on January 13, 2019 between Zahedan and Tehran. ==Variants==
Variants
Data from: Boeing Aircraft since 1916. The two series of 727 are the initial -100 (originally only two figures as in -30), which was launched in 1960 and entered service in February 1964, and the -200 series, which was launched in 1965 and entered service in December 1967. 727-100 here) is long. The first 727-100 (N7001U) flew on February 9, 1963. The -100 designation was assigned retroactively to distinguish the original short-body version. Prior to the introduction of the 727-200, all short-body aircraft followed a "727-00" pattern. Aircraft were delivered for United Airlines as 727-22, for American Airlines as 727-23 and these designations were retained even after the advent of the 727-200. However, short-body aircraft ordered after the introduction of the 727-200 followed the new "727-100" pattern (i.e. 727-123 for American Airlines). 727-100C Convertible passenger cargo version, additional freight door and strengthened floor and floor beams, three alternative fits: • 94 mixed-class passengers • 52 mixed-class passengers and four cargo pallets () • Eight cargo pallets () 727-100QC QC stands for Quick Change. This is similar to the convertible version with a roller-bearing floor for palletised galley and seating and cargo to allow a much faster changeover time of 30 minutes. . The air intake for the #2 engine has a distinctive "hump" on converted aircraft. 727-100QF QF stands for Quiet Freighter. A cargo conversion for United Parcel Service, these were re-engined with Stage 3-compliant Rolls-Royce Tay turbofans. Boeing C-22A A single 727-30 acquired from the Federal Aviation Administration, this aircraft was originally delivered to Lufthansa. It served mostly with United States Southern Command flying from Panama City / Howard Air Force Base. Boeing C-22B Four 727-35 aircraft were acquired from National Airlines by the United States Air Force for transporting Air National Guard and National Guard personnel. 727-200 ) is longer. This aircraft is the prototype of 727-200 A stretched version of the 727-100, the -200 is longer () than the -100 (). A fuselage section ("plug") was added in front of the wings and another 10 ft fuselage section was added behind them. The wing span and height remain the same on both the -100 and -200 (, respectively). The original 727-200 had the same maximum gross weight as the 727-100; however, as the aircraft evolved, a series of higher gross weights and more powerful engines were introduced along with other improvements, and from line number 881, 727-200s are dubbed -200 Advanced. The aircraft gross weight eventually increased from for the latest versions. The dorsal intake of the number-two engine was also redesigned to be round in shape, rather than oval as it was on the -100 series. The first 727-200 flew on July 27, 1967, and received FAA certification on November 30, 1967. The first delivery was made on December 14, 1967, to Northeast Airlines. A total of 310 727-200s were delivered before the -200 was replaced on the production line by the 727-200 Advanced in 1972. 727-200C A convertible passenger cargo version; only one was built. ;727-200 Advanced ), equipped with winglets The Advanced version of the 727-200 was introduced in 1970. It featured powerful engines, fuel capacity and MTOW () increased the range from or by %. Boeing C-22C One 727-212 aircraft was operated by the US Air Force. Proposed ;727-300 A proposed 169-seat version was developed in consultation with United Airlines in 1972, which initially expressed an interest in ordering 50 aircraft. Also, interest was shown from Indian Airlines for a one-class version with 180 seats. The fuselage would have been lengthened by and the undercarriage strengthened. The three engines would have been replaced by two more powerful JT8D-217 engines under the T tail. Many cockpit components would have been in common with the 737-200 and improved engine management systems would have eliminated the need for the flight engineer. United did not proceed with its order and Indian Airlines instead ordered the larger Airbus A300, so the project was cancelled in 1976. 727-400 A concept with a fuselage and two high-bypass turbofan engines under the wings (but retaining the T tail) was proposed in 1977. More compact systems, a redesign of the internal space, and removing the need for the flight engineer would have increased the capacity to 189 seats in a two-class configuration. After only a few months, the concept was developed into the Boeing 7N7 design, which eventually became the Boeing 757. Other variants Faw-727 This Boeing 727 was reportedly modified by Iraq in early 1988 to serve as an ELINT platform. It was used during the invasion of Kuwait and Operation Desert Shield. Comparison of variants Below is a list of major differences between the 727 variants. ==Operators==
Operators
Usage Commercial operators was one of the few remaining commercial operators of the 727 until December 12, 2025 when the last unit was damaged at Ernesto Cortissoz in Barranquilla. Pictured here is a 727-200(F) in 2018. , 13 Boeing 727s were in commercial service, operated by the following companies: • Air Class Lineas Aereas (2 - CX-CLC, CX-CAR)IFL Group (2 - N215WE, N216WE)USA Jet Airlines (2 - N726US, N727US)Safe Air Company (2 - 5Y-GMA, 5Y-JIB)Oil Spill Response (2 - G-OSRA, G-OSRB, operated by 2Excel Aviation)Solar Cargo Venezuela (2 - YV665T, YV668T)Zero Gravity Corporation (1 - N794AJ) Government, military, and other operators in 1988 departing Rotterdam The Hague Airport in 2011. in 2003 In addition, the 727 has seen sporadic government use, having flown for the Belgian, Yugoslav, Mexican, New Zealand, and Panama air forces, along with a small group of government agencies that have used it. Private aircraft A number of 727s have been outfitted for use as private aircraft, especially since the early 1990s, when major airlines began to eliminate older 727-100 models from their fleet. Donald Trump traveled in a former American Airlines 727-100 with a dining room, a bedroom, and shower facilities known as Trump Force One before upgrading to a larger Boeing 757 in 2009; Peter Nygård acquired a 727-100 for private use in 2005. American financier and convicted sex offender Jeffrey Epstein owned a private 727 nicknamed the "Lolita Express". Orders and deliveries Source: Data from Boeing, through the end of production Boeing 727 orders and deliveries (cumulative, by year): ImageSize = width:auto height:250 barincrement:45 PlotArea = left:35 bottom:15 top:10 right:18 AlignBars = justify DateFormat = yyyy Period = from:0 till:2000 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:200 start:0 PlotData= color:skyblue width:45 bar:1960 from:start till: 80 text: 80 align:center shift:(0,-2) bar:1961 from:start till: 117 text: 117 align:center shift:(0,-2) bar:1962 from:start till: 127 text: 127 align:center shift:(0,-2) bar:1963 from:start till: 147 text: 147 align:center shift:(0,2) bar:1964 from:start till: 230 text: 230 align:center shift:(0,1) bar:1965 from:start till: 417 text: 417 align:center shift:(0,8) bar:1966 from:start till: 566 text: 566 align:center shift:(0,18) bar:1967 from:start till: 691 text: 691 align:center shift:(0,25) bar:1968 from:start till: 757 text: 757 align:center shift:(0,32) bar:1969 from:start till: 821 text: 821 align:center shift:(0,37) bar:1970 from:start till: 869 text: 869 align:center shift:(0,39) bar:1971 from:start till: 895 text: 895 align:center shift:(0,41) bar:1972 from:start till: 1014 text: 1014 align:center shift:(0,46) bar:1973 from:start till: 1106 text: 1106 align:center shift:(0,50) bar:1974 from:start till: 1194 text: 1194 align:center shift:(0,54) bar:1975 from:start till: 1244 text: 1244 align:center shift:(0,59) bar:1976 from:start till: 1357 text: 1357 align:center shift:(0,64) bar:1977 from:start till: 1490 text: 1490 align:center shift:(0,70) bar:1978 from:start till: 1615 text: 1615 align:center shift:(0,76) bar:1979 from:start till: 1713 text: 1713 align:center shift:(0,82) bar:1980 from:start till: 1781 text: 1781 align:center shift:(0,88) bar:1981 from:start till: 1819 text: 1819 align:center shift:(0,90) bar:1982 from:start till: 1830 text: 1830 align:center shift:(0,90) bar:1983 from:start till: 1831 text: 1831 align:center shift:(0,90) color:green width:45– bar:1963 from:start till: 6 text: 6 align:center shift:(0,-1) bar:1964 from:start till: 101 text: 101 align:center shift:(0,-4) bar:1965 from:start till: 212 text: 212 align:center shift:(0,-3) bar:1966 from:start till: 347 text: 347 align:center bar:1967 from:start till: 502 text: 502 align:center bar:1968 from:start till: 662 text: 662 align:center bar:1969 from:start till: 776 text: 776 align:center bar:1970 from:start till: 831 text: 831 align:center bar:1971 from:start till: 864 text: 864 align:center bar:1972 from:start till: 905 text: 905 align:center bar:1973 from:start till: 997 text: 997 align:center bar:1974 from:start till: 1088 text: 1088 align:center bar:1975 from:start till: 1179 text: 1179 align:center bar:1976 from:start till: 1240 text: 1240 align:center bar:1977 from:start till: 1307 text: 1307 align:center bar:1978 from:start till: 1425 text: 1425 align:center bar:1979 from:start till: 1561 text: 1561 align:center bar:1980 from:start till: 1692 text: 1692 align:center bar:1981 from:start till: 1786 text: 1786 align:center bar:1982 from:start till: 1812 text: 1812 align:center bar:1983 from:start till: 1823 text: 1823 align:center bar:1984 from:start till: 1831 text: 1831 align:center : Model summary Source: Boeing == Accidents and incidents ==
Accidents and incidents
, a total of 353 The deadliest incident involving the 727 was Mexicana Flight 940 which took place on March 31, 1986, with 167 fatalities. == Aircraft on display ==
Aircraft on display
A large number of surviving retired 727s remain, largely as a result of donation by FedEx of 84 of them to various institutions. The vast majority of the aircraft was given to university aviation maintenance programs. All but seven are located within the United States. Notable aircraft include: Denmark • G-BNNI Lady Patricia 727-276 was last flown by Sabre Airways in 2000. Purchased by 727 Communications, an advertising company in Skanderborg, Denmark, it now serves as a conference room and billboard at their offices. France • N166FE Bud - 727-100F is on static display at Musée de l'air et de l'espace in Le Bourget, France. It was formerly operated by FedEx and donated to the museum in 2007. Greece • SX-CBA, the first Boeing 727 delivered for Olympic Airways, is preserved at the Sourmena Stadium in Elliniko. Mexico • XC-FPA – 727-264/Adv, last operated by the Mexican Federal Police, is on display in Parque Tangamanga, San Luis Potosí City, Mexico. United Kingdom • VP-CMN "PYTCHAir" - 727-46 is located in Bristol, UK, and was purchased by technology investor Johnny Palmer for his media company PYTCH. The fuselage is resting atop a series of shipping containers and was transported in February 2021. United StatesN7001U – 727-022 is on static display at the Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington. It was the first 727 completed. It departed from Paine Field in Everett, Washington, and landed at the museum on March 2, 2016. • N7004U – 727-022 is in storage at the Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona. It was the first 727 delivered to a customer and the first to make a commercial flight. • N7017U – 727 is on static display at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, Illinois. It was donated by United Airlines. It features cutaway sections showing airplane framework and lavatory, cockpit view, and a few rows of seating. • N766AS - 727-90C cockpit section is on display at Robert's Bookshop in Lincoln City, Oregon. The aircraft caught fire at Anchorage International Airport in 1987, with the remains being repurchased by Boeing. Part of the 1980s-era Alaska Airlines livery can still be seen on the exterior, in the form of a green stripe beneath the nose (although it is unknown whether the nosecone originally belonged to the same aircraft, it does bear the same livery). • N186FE – 727-100 is on static display at Owens Community College in Perrysburg, Ohio. It formerly was operated by FedEx and donated by the company in 2007. • N199FE – 727-173C is on static display at the Kansas Aviation Museum in Wichita, Kansas. It was formerly operated by FedEx as N199FE. • N113FE Jarrod – 727-022C is in storage at the National Museum of Commercial Aviation in Atlanta, Georgia. It was formerly operated by FedEx as N113FE, and by United Airlines before that as N7437U. • N265FE Paul – 727-227F is on static display at the Florida Air Museum in Lakeland, Florida. It was formerly operated by FedEx. • N492FE Two Bears – 727-227F is on static display at FLY8MA in Big Lake, Alaska. It was transported from Anchorage, Alaska to The FLY8MA Pilot Lodge in April 2023, and converted into an airplane home. • N242FE Brittney – 727-277F is on static display with only its nose section intact at the Museum of Flying in Santa Monica, California; it was donated by FedEx after retirement, and underwent a complete restoration in the fall of 2018. • N149FE, a 727-22 (S/N 19807) manufactured in 1967, is on static display at Guilford Technical Community College (GTCC) in Greensboro, North Carolina. It was formerly used by the FedEx Express before being donated to TIMCO (now HAECO) as a maintenance training aid before being donated to Guilford Technical Community College for use as a training aid for their Aircraft maintenance technician program. ==Specifications (Boeing 727-100 with JT8D-7)==
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