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Botryosphaeria dothidea

Botryosphaeria dothidea is a plant pathogen that causes the formation of cankers on a wide variety of tree and shrub species. It has been reported on several hundred plant hosts and on all continents except Antarctica. B. dothidea was redefined in 2004, and some reports of its host range from prior to that time likely include species that have since been placed in another genus. Even so, B. dothidea has since been identified on a number of woody plants—including grape, mango, olive, eucalyptus, maple, and oak, among others—and is still expected to have a broad geographical distribution. While it is best known as a pathogen, the species has also been identified as an endophyte, existing in association with plant tissues on which disease symptoms were not observed. It can colonize some fruits, in addition to woody tissues.

Life as a plant pathogen – "Bot rot" of apple
White rot, or "Bot rot", of apple is one of the many plant diseases that have been attributed to B. dothidea. Recent analysis has confirmed the presence of B. dothidea, along with other Botryosphaeria species, on Malus sp.. Cankers and other dead wood and bark tissue, as well as mummified fruit (fruit infected by the pathogen and remaining in the orchard) serve as sources of primary and secondary inoculum. Conidia and ascospores germinate most readily at .) Lenticels and wounds provide locations for wood infection The cankers of white rot appear similar to those of black rot, caused by Diplodia seriata (formerly B. obtusa). Girdling of limbs by cankers can result in yellowing ("chlorosis") of leaves on affected branches in the spring. While the precise time of fruit infection is unclear, symptoms of fruit rot appear approximately four to six weeks before harvest. The name "white rot" comes from the light brown color of the surface of affected red-skinned apples. == Classification and characteristics ==
Classification and characteristics
Botryosphaeria dothidea is the type species of the genus Botryosphaeria. the sexual (teleomorphic) and asexual (anamorphic) stages of single fungal species have often been called by different names. B. dothidea was the name given to the teleomorphic form, and Fusicoccum aesculi has been identified the anamorph of B. dothidea, as currently defined. Phillips et al. (2013) chose to use the genus name Botryosphaeria, rather than Fusicoccum, since Botryosphaeria is commonly used and is the type genus of the family Botryosphaeriaceae. Cesati and De Notaris described the genus Botryosphaeria and moved the species formerly known as S. dothidea into the new genus. In the case of B. dothidea, these ascomata are pseudothecia. Pseudothecia are sometimes located alone and other times clustered together. In the asexual stage, conidia, which can also infect plants, are produced in pycnidia. The pycnidia and pseudothecia of B. dothidea look very similar. Microconidia have also been reported in at least one B. dothidea isolate. Microconidia are small, asexual spores that often act as male gametes or gametangia (spermatia) in a process of cytoplasmic fusion (plasmogamy) According to a key provided in Phillips et al. (2013), B. dothidea can be distinguished from six other members of the genus by conidia that are typically longer than 20 μm, have a length to width ratio greater than 4.5, and occur on hosts other than Vaccinium species. These conidia are "narrowly...or irregularly fusiform," have thin walls, and are generally transparent or translucent (hyaline) and aseptate but sometimes form up to two septa and/or darken when they are older. Differentiating between species based on morphology depends on observing multiple samples, to get an idea of prevailing character states, and doing so at the appropriate developmental stage. Sequencing is considered an important companion to morphological identification == References ==
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