Pre-colonial Nigeria The traditional
upper class is made up of the members of the
Nigerian chieftaincy system. The country's oldest continuously existing institution, the chieftaincy is the only class that is officially recognized by Nigeria's government. Many chieftaincy sub-systems from the Nigerian region include titled positions for merchants in their structures, and have done so for centuries. An example of this is the
Iyaloja title amongst the
Yoruba people. , an aristocrat who served as the
princess consort of Oba
Adele Ajosun of
Lagos and the
paramount chieftess of
Egbaland. Although the holders of this and other titles would therefore belong more to the Nigerian chieftaincy system than they would to a distinct upper middle class, their existence in the pre-colonial period nevertheless set the scene for the subsequent development of one. Some bourgeois members of later generations, such as Chief
Candido da Rocha, would ultimately be ennobled as members of the said system by way of them. Old methods of
stratification prevailed during this era. In addition to the chiefs, Nigerian society was composed of both
free and
enslaved individuals that were ranked beneath them. Social mobility was largely static, though rising through the ranks (from slave to free person, and from free person to chief) was technically possible in many tribes for much of the country's pre-colonial history.
Colonial Nigeria , a wealthy Saro trader and planter. Following the
abolition of the slave trade by the British, freed slaves were settled by them along the West African coast. The
British annexation of Lagos in 1861 and the subsequent promotion of legitimate trade benefited the community of such people in Nigeria, known as the
Saro and the
Amaro, and they soon became a rising middle class through trading with their benefactors thereafter. They were formally educated, utilized a western style of dressing, owned race horses and organized waltzes, square dances and musical soirees where
Molière was performed. Mr.
R.B. Blaize (a Saro) and the aforementioned Chief Da Rocha (an Amaro) both typified this emergent class with their indigenous philanthropic efforts. Outside of this community in particular, other people also engaged in trade on a large scale and joined it in becoming members of what was rapidly coalescing into a colonial nouveau riche class distinct from the traditional ruling chieftaincy. Notable amongst them were Alhaji
Alhassan Dantata (a member of a hereditary
Hausa sub-group whose traditional vocation was trade) and Sir
Louis Odumegwu Ojukwu (a member of an
Igbo trading family). In addition to traders, the rising colonial class also counted British-educated
doctors,
lawyers,
clergymen and
civil servants among its members. Some of these people (such as Sir Louis) - as well as select chiefs - were
knighted by the colonists. Many members of both the chieftaincy and the free class were also assimilated at this time into this new bourgeoisie after themselves being educated along Western lines. As a result, a new dichotomy was created - between all those that had been so educated and the mass of Nigerians that had not. Bourgeois individuals such as the Saro, the Amaro, and the educated natives were
paternalistically supported by the British (particularly prior to 1900), even while the chiefs were utilized by them as partners in the
indirect rule system that administered the country. The symbiotic interplay of both groups of Nigerians gave rise to what is today Nigeria's
political elite.
Independent Nigeria At Independence in 1960, members of what was by then the Nigerian upper middle class were represented amongst the new leadership that inherited power. For example, Chief
Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti (the daughter of a Saro chief that had once traded palm produce) was a member of the Western Region's
House of Chiefs. In the decades since, the class system has expanded further. The middle class' links to the political elite have been strengthened, and advantageous policy changes on the part of the politicians have led to the generation of large amounts of wealth. Notable contemporary members of the Nigerian bourgeoisie include billionaires Chief
Mike Adenuga (a member of a Yoruba sub-tribe with a reputation for being keen traders), Chief
Folorunsho Alakija (a member of a family of traders that married into a prominent Amaro clan), and Alhaji
Aliko Dangote (a direct descendant of Alhaji Dantata and the
richest Black man in the world). is the daughter of billionaire
Femi Otedola and granddaughter of Sir
Michael Otedola, a governor of Lagos. Many members of the current proletariat have historic ties of descent to either the chieftaincy or the bourgeoisie, and therefore belong to families that can be said to have
lost caste in the intervening decades due to a variety of factors. Although upward social mobility has become more prevalent in independent Nigeria in theory,
corruption,
nepotism and
cronyism have kept many people out of the upper and middle classes in a continuous cycle of deprivation despite the growth in the country's national wealth. == Criticism ==