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Bovine respiratory disease

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most common and economically devastating infectious disease affecting beef cattle in the world. It is a complex, bacterial or viral infection that causes pneumonia in calves which can be fatal. It also affects many other species of feedlot animals like sheep and pigs, but is most prominent in calves. The infection is usually a sum of three codependent factors: stress, an underlying viral infection, and a new bacterial infection. The diagnosis of the disease is complex since there are multiple possible causes and cattle are reluctant to display any indications of pain.

Causes
BRD is a "multi-factorial syndrome" that is dependent on a number of different causes. • BHV1 • Parainfluenza type-3 virus (PI-3) • Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) • Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) • Bovine Adenovirus • BCV • Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) Bacterial Pneumonia Source: • Mannheimia haemolyticaPasteurella multocidaHistophilus somniMycoplasma bovis Weather Fall is the most prominent season for beef cattle, so it is during that time of year when the majority of cattle are grouped together in larger amounts. This increases the risk for BRD along with fluctuations in weather. Studies show that they years with the highest risks for BRD were associated with severe weather environments, rather than average conditions. == Clinical signs and diagnosis ==
Clinical signs and diagnosis
BRD often develops within 4 weeks of cattle transport. • Spontaneous cough • Nasal discharge • Ocular Discharge • Ear droop • Rectal temperature > • Difficulty Breathing • Coughing • Decreased appetite • Dull eyes == Treatment and control ==
Treatment and control
Because of the number of possible viral/bacterial precursors to BRD, there are a number of treatment options circling around the three main aggravators of the disease: Viruses, Bacteria, and Stress. Vaccination Vaccinations exist for several biological BRD precursors, but the multitude of possible precursors complicates the process of choosing a vaccine regime. Additionally, vaccines are not completely effective in stopping the disease, but are merely helpful in mitigation. Many of the problems with vaccine effectiveness rest with improper use, such as failing to time vaccine doses appropriately, or not administering them before shipping. Vaccines are available for a number of viral/bacterial agents and are often sold in combination with each other. Antibiotics Calves are often bought unvaccinated, so antibiotics can help combat the bacterial factors of the disease. These are given orally, or in the forms of injections, pastes, or electrolytes. The Virginia Cooperative Extension recommends the following antibiotics: • Micotil • Nuflor • Baytril 100 • Naxcel • Excenel • Adspec • Banamine Aside from the strict use of drugs, there are other natural ways to help calves recuperate. Ensuring that they are fed good quality feedstuffs consisting of materials like grass to coax them into consuming the most amount of nutrients possible. Stress management Stress often serves as the final precursor to BRD. The diseases that make up BRD can persist in a cattle herd for a long period of time before becoming symptomatic, but immune systems weakened by stress can stop controlling the disease. Major sources of stress come from the shipping process and from the co-mingling of cattle.Prior to transportation, electrolytes and vitamins are supplemented to cattle 3–5 days in advance; after transportation, high-quality silage and clean warm water are provided to reduce hunger- and dehydration-related stress. == See also ==
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