Brahmavihara

• Pāli: • (sathara brahmavihārā) • | (Wylie: ) may be parsed as "" and "", which is often rendered into English as "sublime" or "divine abodes". , usually translated as "the immeasurables", means "boundlessness, infinitude, a state that is illimitable". When developed to a high degree in meditation, these attitudes are said to make the mind "immeasurable" and like the mind of the loving (gods). Other translations: • English: four divine abodes, four divine emotions, four sublime attitudes, four divine dwellings. • East Asia: (), (), (). • (four ) or (four immeasurables). ==The ==

The four are: • Loving-kindness (Pāli: , ), or active good will towards all; Early Buddhism The is a pre-Buddhist Brahminical concept, to which the Buddhist tradition gave its interpretation. The Digha Nikaya asserts that according to Buddha, " is "that practice," and he then contrasts it with "my practice" as follows: the Buddha states that those who practice radiating the four immeasurables in this life and die "without losing it" are destined for rebirth in a heavenly realm in their next life. In addition, if such a person is a Buddhist disciple (Pāli: ) and thus realizes the three characteristics of the five aggregates, then after his heavenly life, this disciple will reach . Even if one is not a disciple, one will still attain the heavenly life, after which, however depending on what his past deeds may have been, one may be reborn in a hell realm, or as an animal or hungry ghost. In another sutta in the Aṅguttara Nikāya, the laywoman Sāmāvatī is mentioned as an example of someone who excels at loving-kindness. In the Buddhist tradition she is often referred to as such, often citing an account that an arrow shot at her was warded off through her spiritual power. Visuddhimagga The four immeasurables are explained in The Path of Purification (Visuddhimagga), written in by the scholar and commentator Buddhaghoṣa. They are often practiced by taking each of the immeasurables in turn and applying it to oneself (a practice taught by many contemporary teachers and monastics that was established after the Pāli Suttas were completed), and then to others nearby, and so on to everybody in the world, and everybody in all universes. A Cavern of Treasures () A Cavern of Treasures () is a Bonpo uncovered by Shenchen Luga () in the early eleventh century. A segment of it enshrines a Bonpo evocation of the four immeasurables. Martin (n.d.: p. 21) identifies the importance of this scripture for studies of the Zhang-Zhung language. ==Origins==

Before the advent of the Buddha, according to Martin Wiltshire, the pre-Buddhist traditions of , meditation, and these four virtues are evidenced in both early Buddhist and non-Buddhist literature. The Early Buddhist Texts assert that pre-Buddha ancient Indian sages who taught these virtues were earlier incarnations of the Buddha. Three of the four immeasurables, namely , , and , are found in the later Upanishads, while all four are found with slight variations – such as instead of – in Jainism literature, states Wiltshire. The ancient Indian mentioned in the early Buddhist Suttas – those who attained nibbāna before the Buddha – mention all "four immeasurables." According to British scholar of Buddhism Peter Harvey, the Buddhist scriptures acknowledge that the four meditation practices "did not originate within the Buddhist tradition". The Buddha never claimed that the "four immeasurables" were his unique ideas, like "cessation, quieting, nirvana". A shift in Vedic ideas, from rituals to virtues, is particularly discernible in the early Upanishad thought, and it is unclear as to what extent and how early Upanishad traditions and Sraman traditions such as Buddhism and Jainism influenced each other on ideas such as "four immeasurables", meditation, and . In an authoritative Jain scripture, the Tattvartha Sutra (Chapter 7, sutra 11), there is a mention of four right sentiments: , , , and : ==References==