Brassica rapa

.'' The geographic and genetic origins of B. rapa have been difficult to identify due to its long history of human cultivation, as well as difficulty finding Brassica seeds at archaeological sites. It is found in most parts of the world, and has returned to the wild many times as a feral plant or weed. Recent genomic studies show that many “wild” populations found in Europe and the Americas are actually feral descendants of cultivated plants, while actual wild populations appear to be from regions such as the Caucasus and Central Asia. Oilseed subspecies (subsp. oleifera) of Brassica rapa may have been domesticated several times from the Mediterranean to India, starting as early as 2000 BC. There are descriptions of B. rapa vegetables in Indian and Chinese documents from around 1000 BC. == Biology ==

Brassica rapa is an annual to biennial member of the mustard family. The wild and weedy forms typically have a slender taproot and a leafy rosette, whereas turnip forms form a swollen storage root. The stems are often upright and branched, and they usually grow to around 0.5–1.3 meters in height. The lower leaves are stalked and toothed or lobed, while the upper leaves are narrower. Most flowers have four yellow petals and, after flowering, they develop into narrow seed pods. Many forms of Brassica rapa can be differentiated by the presence of hairs on the stem and the type of fruit pod. B. rapa can behave as a summer annual, winter annual, or biannual depending on the climate and management. It can grow in a wide variety of environments and soil types, and it is also common as an escaped plant. The species reproduces by seed. The mature seed pods can break open and release viable seeds into the surrounding area, which creates seed banks that germinate quickly (~1-3 days) in ideal soil temperatures. Like other brassicas, B. rapa contains secondary metabolites like glucosinolates, which can influence the germination of neighboring plants and deter herbivores. The flowers supply plentiful pollen and nectar and are visited by a variety of insects, including bees and flies, which act as pollinators. Brassica rapa is a diploid with a base chromosome number of 10. The estimated genome size is approximately 425 million base pairs. A near complete genome assembly of B. rapa was published in 2023 (Chiifu v4.0), with eight out of ten chromosomes assembled telomere-to-telomerewith only two gaps. == Adaptation ==

Brassica rapa is an extremely adaptable plant. It prefers moist soil that is well-drained at around 45-85°F, but it can also grow in heavy clay soils. It tolerates a broad pH range from 4.8 to 8.5. Although it grows best in full sun, it can also succeed in moderate shade. If light and temperature conditions are not ideal, B. rapa seeds can delay germination until conditions are favorable. ==Uses==

Cultivated varieties of B. rapa are consumed commonly as vegetables, such as turnip roots, napa cabbage, komatsuna, pak choi, and other leafy greens, particularly in East Asian, South Asian, and Mediterranean cuisines. Rapeseed oil from the plant is also used to make canola and colza oils. == Ecology and pollination ==

Brassica rapa is an early-season nectar and pollen source for a wide range of insects. Numerous pollinators are attracted to its bright yellow flowers, including bees, flies, and butterflies. A common visitor, the small white butterfly (Pieris rapae) uses the plant both as a nectar source and as a host for larval feeding. Conversely, insect pollination is also very important to the plant; insect pollination of B. rapa leads to 30% more yield when compared to self-fertilizing controls. Furthermore, B. rapa can undergo rapid genomic adaptations when selected on by bumblebees. ==Cultivars==