The New York University musicologist and sampling expert Lawrence Ferrara describes the effects of the Bridgeport case on sample-based music as, "extremely chilling, because it basically says that whatever you sample has to be licensed, in its most extreme interpretation." The case has also been influential in the rest of the world: on November 20, 2008, the electronic pioneers
Kraftwerk were successful in a landmark case "Metall Auf Metall" in the
Federal Court of Justice of Germany (
Bundesgerichtshof, abbreviated
BGH), which quotes
Bridgeport Music, Inc. v. Dimension Films and decided that even the smallest shreds of sounds are copyrightable and that the sampling of a drum beat can be copyright infringement. Under German law, however, this result is
de lege lata—applicable only to that case. The
BGH only mentioned the Bridgeport case without discussing it. In the United States, the case has been less favorably received. Most recently and significantly, the Ninth Circuit rejected its reasoning explicitly in the 2016
VMG Salsoul v Ciccone (
Madonna) case: "We recognize that the Sixth Circuit held to the contrary in Bridgeport Music, Inc. v. Dimension Films, 410 F.3d 792 (6th Cir. 2005), but—like the leading copyright treatise and several district courts—we find Bridgeport’s reasoning unpersuasive." A number of District courts have rejected the decision explicitly or declined to apply it, including courts in New York, Florida, California, and Louisiana. ==Footnotes==