Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall/Chambers Street station

The two adjacent stations on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line and BMT Nassau Street Line are connected by two passageways. The south one opened in 1914 and was placed inside fare control on July 1, 1948. A second passageway, at the north end of the stations, was opened in the evening of September 1, 1962, when the Lexington Avenue Line platforms were extended and the Worth Street station was closed. and the IRT's operations on June 12, 1940. Both sections of the station complex were listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 2005. IRT Lexington Avenue Line Construction and opening Planning for a subway line in New York City dates to 1864. The subway plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons, the Rapid Transit Commission's chief engineer. It called for a subway line from New York City Hall in Lower Manhattan to the Upper West Side, where two branches would lead north into the Bronx. A plan was formally adopted in 1897, in which it would construct the subway and maintain a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line. As such, no plans had been drawn up for the eastern portion of the Brooklyn Bridge station or its approaches by early 1903, which caused delays in ordering steel. By late 1903, the subway was nearly complete, but the IRT Powerhouse and the system's electrical substations were still under construction, delaying the system's opening. In addition, the Brooklyn Bridge station itself remained unfinished as late as February 1904. The Brooklyn Bridge station opened on October 27, 1904, as one of the original 28 stations of the New York City Subway from City Hall to 145th Street on the West Side Branch. Express trains were extended south on January 16, 1905, when a -long extension to Fulton Street opened. 1900s to 1920s The station was originally placed on a sharp curve, requiring the installation of platform gap fillers. Initially, the Brooklyn Bridge station was served by local and express trains along both the West Side (now the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line to Van Cortlandt Park–242nd Street) and East Side (now the Lenox Avenue Line). West Side local trains had their southern terminus at City Hall during rush hours and South Ferry at other times, and had their northern terminus at 242nd Street. East Side local trains ran from City Hall to Lenox Avenue (145th Street). Express trains had their southern terminus at South Ferry or Atlantic Avenue and had their northern terminus at 242nd Street, Lenox Avenue (145th Street), or West Farms (180th Street). Express trains to 145th Street were later eliminated, and West Farms express trains and rush-hour Broadway express trains operated through to Brooklyn. One of the station's entrances was closed in 1905 because the Rapid Transit Commission had not authorized the entrance's construction. As part of an experiment to improve the subway line's ventilation, the commission installed ventilation fans at the station in June 1905. Two large cooling fans were installed at the station the next month; this was later increased to four fans. The Rapid Transit Commission added a refrigeration plant to the station in August 1906. The plant consisted of four pumps at the northern end of the station, which could draw up to of groundwater; the water was then chilled and sent through ducts above the platforms. To address overcrowding, in 1909, the New York Public Service Commission proposed lengthening the platforms at stations along the original IRT subway. As part of a modification to the IRT's construction contracts made on January 18, 1910, the company was to lengthen station platforms to accommodate ten-car express and six-car local trains. In addition to $1.5 million (equivalent to $ million in ) spent on platform lengthening, $500,000 (equivalent to $ million in ) was spent on building additional entrances and exits. It was anticipated that these improvements would increase capacity by 25 percent. At the Brooklyn Bridge station, the northbound island platform was extended north and south, while the southbound island platform was extended south, necessitating the relocation of some tracks. By 1914, city engineers had prepared plans for the construction of five additional entrances to the Brooklyn Bridge station: three to the street and two to nearby buildings. At that point, nearly two-fifths of commuters entered the station through a single entrance below the bridge. In 1918, the Lexington Avenue Line opened north of Grand Central–42nd Street, and the original line was divided into an H-shaped system. All trains were sent via the Lexington Avenue Line. In 1922, the Rapid Transit Commission awarded a contract to the Wagner Engineering Company for the installation of navigational signs at the Brooklyn Bridge station and several other major subway stations. The IRT platforms received blue-and-white signs. 1930s to 1960s The Transit Commission requested in 1938 that the IRT spend $70,000 () to add platform gap fillers to the northbound platform; the absence of gap fillers had resulted in passenger injuries 26 times in the preceding two years. The same year, as part of a remodeling of City Hall Park, city parks commissioner Robert Moses proposed removing two of the station's exit stairways and relocating two entrance stairs. With the closure of the City Hall station at the end of 1945, the Brooklyn Bridge station became the southernmost station for local services that formerly terminated at City Hall. The New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) also announced plans in 1956 to add fluorescent lights above the edges of the station's platforms. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the NYCTA undertook a $138 million (equivalent to $ in ) modernization project for the Lexington Avenue Line. At the time, the island platforms narrowed at their northern ends to , while the local side platforms could only accommodate four cars, resulting in delays. Harold Sandifer of the NYCTA designed the renovation in conjunction with the planned redevelopment of the Civic Center neighborhood. The tile walls on the unused eastern side platform were completed in December 1959, and a signal tower, maintainers' rooms, relay rooms, and tile walls on the unused western side platform were completed in May 1960. A temporary transfer passageway to the Chambers Street station opened in June 1961, while the old passageway was being demolished. The downtown platform's extension opened in 1961, The overpass and the permanent passageway to the Chambers Street station opened in June 1963, and the platform extension project was substantially completed by the end of 1963. This plaque was removed before 2005. In 1983, the MTA added funding for a renovation of the Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall station to its 1980–1984 capital plan. In addition, to speed up passenger flow, dozens of platform conductors were assigned to direct crowds on the Lexington Avenue Line platforms during the late 1980s. In April 1993, the New York State Legislature agreed to give the MTA $9.6 billion for capital improvements. Some of the funds would be used to renovate nearly one hundred New York City Subway stations, including Brooklyn Bridge. Three elevators opened in 1992, making the station compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). The elevators cost $3.4 million (equivalent to $ million in ) and connected the mezzanine to the street and to each platform. The station was renamed Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall by the mid-1990s. The renovation was completed in 1996; the station was one of thirteen citywide whose renovations were completed that year at a total cost of $127 million (equivalent to $ million in ). In an attempt to prevent fare evasion, the MTA added low metal fins to each arm of the Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall station's turnstiles in 2025. BMT Nassau Street Line Construction and opening After the original IRT opened, the city began planning new lines. The Centre Street Loop (later the Nassau Street Line) was approved on January 25, 1907, as a four-track line; it was to connect the Brooklyn Bridge, Manhattan Bridge, and Williamsburg Bridge via Centre Street, Canal Street, and Delancey Street. Unlike previous subway contracts that the city government had issued, the BRT was responsible only for constructing the Centre Street Loop and installing equipment, not for operating the loop. Construction contracts for the Nassau Street Line were awarded in early 1907.) in the Dual Contracts, adopted on March 4, 1913. The Chambers Street station was built as part of contract 9-O-1, which cost $1.226 million (). It was to sit under the Manhattan Municipal Building, a large office structure being planned for the city government. One of the conditions of an architectural design competition for the Municipal Building was that its foundation could not block train tracks, stairways, or platforms. As such, the caissons in the building's foundation were positioned to avoid the station's platforms. their original plans were rejected by the city's buildings superintendent because he felt that the underlying layer of soil and sand was not strong enough to carry the building. Uncertainty over the building's design resulted in delays in the construction of the proposed Brooklyn loop station underneath it, even as the rest of the line was nearly completed by early 1909. Furthermore, the BRT did not originally want to operate the loop. The Public Service Commission proposed in February 1909 to expand the station to six tracks, which would allow the station to serve a proposed subway under Third Avenue, in addition to the Williamsburg Bridge and Manhattan Bridge lines. The commission estimated that the change would cost $600,000, not including land-acquisition costs of $1.055 million. By April 1910, the Public Service Commission sought to downsize the station to four tracks, as it would have been not only very difficult but also extremely expensive to modify the Municipal Building's foundation to accommodate the expanded station. Ultimately, the BRT's Chambers Street station was built with five platforms and four tracks. The BRT tunnel under Centre Street was completed by 1910, except for the section under the Municipal Building, but the tunnel remained unused for several years. In March 1913, the Public Service Commission authorized the BRT to lay tracks, install signals, and operate the loop. The Bradley Construction Company was hired to install station finishes; by June 1913, the firm had completed the installation of tile and marble, and it was working on plastering. The BRT's Chambers Street station opened on August 4, 1913, relieving traffic on elevated lines that had used the Brooklyn Bridge. Originally, trains arrived from the north via either the Williamsburg Bridge or the Manhattan Bridge, as the connection to the Montague Street Tunnel had not yet been completed. The loop configuration permitted trains arriving in either direction from the Fourth Avenue Line in Brooklyn to pass through Chambers Street and return to Fourth Avenue without having to reverse direction. The station remained incomplete for more than a year after it had opened, and workers temporarily suspended construction at the station from November 1913 to March 1914. The remaining work, which included installation of staircases and completion of ceilings, was completed on September 14, 1914. The BRT had agreed to build the loops in September 1913, and, according to a 1916 report, the connection had been completed for just over $740,000 (). because the BRT did not want to pay the annual rental fee that was mandated for the usage of the connection. The overpass across William Street was closed in 1913 to make way for the proposed connection. In 1929, the overpass was reopened after it became clear that the connection would not be built. The finished portions of the tunnel to the Brooklyn Bridge led directly to wine vaults under the bridge. The masonry and steel ramp connecting to the Brooklyn Bridge was demolished in the early 1950s when the bridge's elevated tracks were removed. In 1921, the BRT added a first-aid room at the northern end of the Chambers Street station's center island platform; at the time, the IRT's Brooklyn Bridge station also had a first-aid room. The next year, the Wagner Engineering Company installed red-white-and-green navigational signs at the BMT station, in conjunction with the addition of navigational signs to the IRT station. The Board of Estimate approved funds for the project in July 1926, and the extensions were completed in 1927, bringing the length of the platforms to . By the mid-1920s, the subway itself was pushing the city's population north and leaving Chambers Street behind. Nonetheless, the city government agreed in 1927 to extend the Nassau Street Line from the Chambers Street station south to the Montague Street Tunnel to Brooklyn, as was required under the Dual Contracts. The extension would permit trains from southern Brooklyn to loop through Lower Manhattan without reversing direction (a service pattern known as the Nassau Street Loop), rather than using the Manhattan Bridge and terminating at Chambers Street. The line was completed in 1931, and the Chambers Street station became a through station. At this point, the BMT's center island platform and the two side platforms were closed. This mezzanine was built by the Cayuga Construction Company. The new connection preserved Nassau Street service via the Montague Street Tunnel, but trains were no longer able to run in a loop. In 1990, all weekend service on the Nassau Street Line was eliminated south of Chambers Street; this continued until 2015. By 2000, the MTA had announced plans to make the Chambers Street station ADA-accessible. The agency had been required in 1994 to create a list of 100 "key stations" that it planned to make ADA-accessible, and the Chambers Street station was one of the last "key stations" to be selected. The Chambers Street station, having fallen into disuse over the years, was voted the ugliest station in the system in a 2003 poll of railfans. The station's token booths were shuttered in May 2005, after fare tokens were replaced with MetroCards; station agents were deployed elsewhere in the station to answer passengers' queries. This was part of a pilot program that was tested at seven other stations. The MTA announced in May 2018 that it would start renovating the Chambers Street station that August. and a writer for The Village Voice said that the station "was the undisputed poster station of the system's decay". A contract for the elevators' construction was awarded in August 2018. The station received two elevators to the platforms, as well as three new ramps in the mezzanine: one in the corridor between the IRT and BMT stations, and one from the BMT mezzanine to each platform elevators. The station platforms were modified to reduce the gap between trains and the platform edges, and a pedestrian bridge was installed above the tracks, connecting both of the open platforms. To accommodate the ramps, elevators, and pedestrian bridge, portions of the station and mezzanine were removed or reconfigured. These improvements made the station compliant with the ADA, and were funded as part of the 2015–2019 MTA Capital Program. The project was to take at least 24 months to be completed. The elevators had opened by September 1, 2020. In 2023, the MTA began planning to renovate the Chambers Street and stations for a combined $100 million; the work would involve "historically sensitive" repairs, as both stations are on the NRHP. The project was to be funded by congestion pricing in New York City, but the renovation was postponed in June 2024 after the implementation of congestion pricing was delayed. The MTA was preparing to solicit bids for the renovation by January 2026 after congestion pricing had been implemented. ==Station layout==

The IRT and BMT platforms both run in a north–south direction, with the BMT platforms to the east of the IRT platforms. Just below street level, there are two overpasses above the IRT platforms, one at the center of the station and another near the south end. There is also an underpass at the extreme north end of the station. At the center of the complex, a wide stair under the southern side of the Manhattan Municipal Building, just southeast of the intersection of Centre and Chambers Streets, serves the southern BMT mezzanine, and was one of the original BMT entrances. and was removed by August 2000 as part of a project to widen the bridge walkway. Another stair rose from the northern BMT mezzanine to the northwestern corner of Centre Street and Duane Street (east of the current Foley Square entrance), though this was also sealed by 1992 to reduce the maintenance costs associated with maintaining two adjacent staircases. The northern BMT mezzanine contained bronze doors on the east wall, now sealed, which led to the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse. although this entrance area was closed by 1938. The largest staircase under the Municipal Building's northern section was wide and could originally accommodate 800 passengers per minute. ==BMT Nassau Street Line platforms==

The Chambers Street station on the BMT Nassau Street Line is beneath the Manhattan Municipal Building, stretching from Duane Street in the north to a point just south of Chambers Street to the south. The station is between to the north and to the south. The Chambers Street station has four tracks, three island platforms, and one side platform (originally two); the westernmost side platform has been demolished, while the center island platform and the easternmost side platform are unused. Terminating trains use the inner tracks while through trains use the outer tracks. From the BMT station, there are stairs and elevators leading to the mezzanines above. The easternmost side platform had seven stairs, while the center island platform and the westernmost side platform had six stairs. The eastern island platform has five stairs and the western island platform has four stairs. The elevators are at the southern ends of the western and eastern island platforms. The station is approximately long and wide. Both of the platforms in revenue service are wide; the northbound platform is long, while the southbound platform is long. The southbound platform is slightly higher at the southern end of the station because, south of the station, the line becomes a bi-level tunnel with the southbound track stacked above the northbound one. Design Like the IRT station, the tunnel is covered by a U-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. The bottom of this trough contains a foundation of concrete no less than thick. Each platform consists of concrete slabs, beneath which are drainage basins. The platforms contain double-height, tile-clad columns spaced every , which support the jack-arched concrete station roofs. There is a gap between the trough wall and the platform walls, which are made of -thick brick covered over by a tiled finish. The ceiling is double-height above much of the station's length, but drops beneath the south mezzanine and the original north mezzanine. The westernmost side platform was tiled over during the 1962 renovation; it contains yellow tiles and a cream trim line with written on it in black sans-serif font at regular intervals. The easternmost side platform retains most of its original decoration, with pink marble wainscoting, as well as pink marble pilasters spaced every . Between the pilasters and above the wainscoting are panels made of white tile, with gold-tiled borders. A maroon, blue, and gold tile frieze runs atop each panel, interrupted by T-shaped ceramic plaques with depictions of the Brooklyn Bridge, which are situated atop each pilaster. The Brooklyn Bridge ceramic tiles display the bridge's vertical cables but do not depict its diagonal cables. At intervals of every three panels, there are tile plaques with the station's name in place of the frieze. Sections of the original design, including the ceiling and walls, are heavily damaged or deteriorated. Track layout The two "express" tracks, currently unused in regular revenue service, merge into a single tail track south of the station. The tail track is long from the switch points to the bumper block, where an emergency exit is available. Before the extension to Broad Street opened, the two westernmost (now southbound) tracks ramped up to just before the portal from the Brooklyn Bridge, ending at a wooden gate. These tracks did not have any third rails and were never used. North of this station, there are numerous switches connecting all four tracks. The easternmost two tracks are stubs that end behind the now-closed Queens-bound side platform. These tracks were formerly connected to the south tracks of the Manhattan Bridge, until they were disconnected in 1967 as part of the Chrystie Street Connection, with the BMT Broadway Line being connected to the south tracks instead. Also north of this station, the former southbound express track (now the northbound track) splits into two tracks just south of Canal Street: the former northbound local track, and the former southbound express track (the current northbound track). ==IRT Lexington Avenue Line platforms==

}} The Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall station is an express station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, beneath Centre Street. It stretches between a point just south of Duane Street, to the north, and Park Row, to the south. the 5 train stops here at all times except late nights; and the 6 (New York City Subway service)| train stops here during weekdays in the peak direction. The Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall station contains four tracks, two island platforms, and two unused side platforms. A combination of island and side platforms was also used at 14th Street–Union Square on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line and 96th Street on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line. The tunnel is covered by a U-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. This trough contains a foundation of concrete no less than thick. There is a gap between the trough wall and the platform walls, which are made of -thick brick covered over by a tiled finish. but they had been concealed behind a wall of beige tiles by the late 20th century. The sculpture consists of numerous cables in the fare control area of the IRT mezzanine, a reference to the nearby Brooklyn Bridge. Some of the cables are placed under a glass skylight; this part of the artwork measures thick and across. Additional cables are installed on a triptych next to the turnstiles, separating the portions of the mezzanine that are inside and outside of fare control. In creating the sculpture, Gibian said he wanted it to represent "the controlled power of the subway and its network of metal and concrete that undergirds the city". ==Ridership==

As a major hub for the IRT and BMT, the Brooklyn Bridge and Chambers Street complex was the subway system's busiest station when it was built. The opening of the IRT station relieved congestion at Park Row Terminal and the City Hall station, two nearby elevated stations. The Brooklyn Bridge station served 18 million passengers a year during the 1910s, amounting to about 50,000 passengers a day. When the Chambers Street station opened, it also suffered from overcrowding. Even so, the complex recorded nearly 30 million annual passengers in the mid-1920s, while the nearby elevated stations counted another 20 million. By 1930, the Brooklyn Bridge station had 16 million passengers, compared to 12 million at the Chambers Street station. The high ridership at the complex contributed to the closure of the IRT's City Hall Loop in 1945, when the Brooklyn Bridge station still had 14 million annual passengers. By contrast, ridership at the Chambers Street station declined significantly as development in Manhattan moved further northward. By 2011, the Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall/Chambers Street station was the 29th-busiest in the system; at the time, an average of 36,350 riders entered the station every weekday. In 2019, the station had 9,065,146 boardings, making it the 32nd most-used station in the -station system. This amounted to an average of 30,961 passengers per weekday. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, ridership dropped drastically in 2020, with 2,710,023 passengers entering the station that year. The station had 3,147,136 passengers in 2021, and in 2023, ridership increased to 5,881,022. ==References==