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Brown-throated parakeet

The brown-throated parakeet, also known as the St. Thomas conure or brown-throated conure in aviculture, is a species of bird in the subfamily Arinae of the family Psittacidae, the African and New World parrots. It is found in Costa Rica, Panama, the northern mainland of South America, and islands off the South American coast.

Taxonomy and systematics
The brown-throated parakeet was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the other parrots in the genus Psittacus and coined the binomial name Psittacus pertinax. The brown-throated parakeet is now one of five species placed in the genus Eupsittula that was introduced in 1853 by the French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte. These 14 subspecies are recognized; some of them are island endemics: ==Description==
Description
The brown-throated parakeet is long and weighs . The sexes are alike. Adults of the nominate subspecies E. p. pertinax have a yellow forehead, face, and chin. Their crown, nape, and upperparts are green. Their breast is dull olive and their belly grass green with an orange patch in its center. Their wings are mostly green with dullish blue edges and tips on the flight feathers; their tail feathers are also green with dullish blue edges and tips. Immature birds have very little yellow. The other subspecies differ from the nominate thus: • E. p. aeruginosa – buff forehead and orange-yellow crown and nape • E. p. arubensis – yellow face with some brown mixed in • E. p. chrysogenys – darker than all others and all a green forehead and crown • E. p. chrysophrys – whitish forehead and rich brown face • E. p. griseipecta – buff forehead, orange-yellow crown and nape, and olive-gray cheeks and breast • E. p. lehmanni – buff forehead and orange-yellow crown, nape, and around the eye • E. p. margaritensis – whitish forehead and olive-brown face • E. p. ocularis: olive-brown face • E. p. paraensis – darker than all but chrysogenys with an orange-yellow belly • E. p. surinama – whitish forehead, rich brown face with orange below the eye, and greener breast • E. p. tortugensis – buff forehead and orange-yellow crown, nape, and sides of the head • E. p. venezuelae – whitish forehead, olive-brown face, and yellowish upperparts • E. p. xanthogenia – orange-yellow crown and nape ==Distribution and habitat==
Distribution and habitat
The subspecies of the brown-throated parakeet are found thus: More recent sightings in Puerto Rico and those in Florida, the British Virgin Islands, Anguilla, Dominica, and San Andrés are known or suspected to be of escaped or released cage birds rather than deliberate introductions or natural arrivals. The species is a non-breeding visitor to Trinidad. The brown-throated parakeet inhabits a wide variety of landscapes including savannas, arid scrublands, mangroves, tropical deciduous forests, gallery forests, evergreen forests, and cultivated areas and pastures with some remaining trees. In Colombia, it reaches an elevation of but is found mostly below elsewhere. It is also widely distributed in Venezuela, but shows preference for areas with open vegetation with higher probabilities of occurrence in the savannas of the Llanos bioregion and the arid scrublands of northwestern Venezuela. ==Behavior==
Behavior
Movement Some populations on the mainland make seasonal movements and others are somewhat nomadic to follow the availability of food. The species typically forages in pairs or small flocks. Flocks will call in flight, and if an actively foraging flock responds, the others may join it. Breeding The brown-throated parakeet's nesting season varies throughout its range. It may nest at almost any time of year in Suriname and the Antilles, and from February to April in Colombia and Venezuela. It usually excavates a cavity in a nest of an arboreal termite, often one from the genus Nasutitermes. Furthermore, it also nests in natural cavities in a tree, on a cliff face, or in an earthen bank. Often several pairs will nest in a single rotten tree. The clutch size is two to seven eggs. In captivity, the incubation period is 23 days. In the wild, the time to fledge is 36 to 37 days. ==Status==
Status
The IUCN has assessed the brown-throated parakeet as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range and its estimated population of at least five million mature individuals is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified. and in Venezuela both young and adult individuals are locally traded as cage birds for the pet market. However, compared to other species of psittacids, it is not very frequent in global wildlife trade. ==Gallery==
Gallery
File:Aratinga pertinax -Bonaire-8.jpg|E. p. xanthogenia – on the island of Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles File:Aratinga pertinax venezuelae -Venezuela-6.jpg|E. p. venezuelae – a pet in Cagua, Aragua, Venezuela File:Aratinga pertinax -Colombia-8a-3c.jpg|E. p. aeruginosa – in the Caribbean Region of Colombia File:Aratinga pertinax (juvenile) -Panama-8a-3c.JPG|E. p. ocularis – a juvenile kept as a pet in Panama File:Brown-throated Parakeet (Aratinga pertinax) -pet.jpg|A pet parrot ==References==
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