The younger son of
Gregory the Elder, bishop of
Nazianzus, and his wife,
Nonna, Caesarius was born at the family
villa of Arianzus, near Nazianzus. He probably studied at
Caesarea Mazaca in
Cappadocia in preparation for the elite schools of
Alexandria in Egypt. His favourite studies there were geometry, astronomy and especially medicine. In the last-named science, he surpassed all his fellow students. About 355 he came to the imperial capital
Constantinople, and had already acquired a great reputation for his medical skill, when his brother Gregory, homeward bound from
Athens, appeared there about 358. Caesarius sacrificed a remunerative and honourable post to return home with Gregory. The capital soon proved to be too great an attraction for him, and he eventually became an eminent physician at the Byzantine court of
Constantius II and, much to the regret of his family, at that of
Julian the Apostate. Julian failed in his efforts to win him over to briefly restored
Paganism. Caesarius, more appreciative of his faith than of imperial favour, ultimately left the court, but returned to Constantinople after Julian's death in 363. After escaping from the earthquake which shook
Nicaea (11 October, 368), his brother wrote to him, pleading for him to leave his political position and withdraw to a religious life. However, Caesarius was suddenly killed by the widespread
plague which followed the earthquake, shortly after having received
baptism, which he, like many others at the period, had deferred until late in life. After his death, his very considerable estate was rapidly pillaged by servants and creditors. His brother Gregory insisted that what remained of the estate be distributed to the poor and to surviving relatives. His remains were interred at Nazianzus, where his brother pronounced the funeral oration in the presence of his parents. In the oration, "On His Brother: St. Caesarius", Gregory portrays his brother as a model Christian and ascetic, providing the main source for the details of his life and setting the groundwork for his eventual canonization. Biographer John McGuckin maintains that, while Caesarius and his brother Gregory were very close, they were very different characters. While Gregory pursued a religious life, his vivacious, outgoing brother was at home in the world of Byzantine politics. The two were complementary figures; Gregory relied on his brother to guide him through trouble, while Caesarius encouraged his brother's literary and rhetorical interests. The assertion that this Caesarius was the same as that Caesarius, Prefect of Constantinople, who in 365 was thrown into the prison by
Procopius, rests on an assumption made by Jacques Godefroy (1587-1652), the editor of the
Theodosian Code (Lyon, 1665), and not on any solid historical ground. The four
Dialogues of one hundred and ninety-seven questions and answers which were traditionally ascribed to Caesarius and are to be found in
Migne,
Patrologia Graeca, XXXVIII, 851–1190, can hardly be from his pen, owing to their nature, contents and anachronisms. They are generally looked upon as spurious.
In fiction Caesarius was the main character in a historical novel
Gods and Legions, by Michael Curtis Ford (2002). The novel, which tells the story of the rise and fall of Julian the Apostate, is narrated by Caesarius who is, according to the story, his closest companion. ==Notes==