Calcichordate hypothesis

The carpoids Cornuta and Mitrata are grouped together in a clade called Calcichordata. Cornutes and mitrates are viewed as sister groups, and mitrates represent stem group chordates. The mitrates (and thus the chordates) are all Dexiothetes, dexiothetism being a synapomorphy for the clade. Hypothetical phylogeny In the evolution of the chordates, the ancestors of the chordates underwent a profound remodeling of their bauplan, becoming dexiothetetic. All chordates share a common ancestor which lost its echinoderm stereom calcite skeleton. However, later revisions of the theory had each separate lineage losing its calcitic skeleton independently, The large orifice seen is most likely the mouth, with many of the slits along the side assumed to be gill slits. While the Cornuta were interpreted as lying with the flat side ventrally, Jefferies suggested that in Mitrata the flat side was dorsal and the convex side ventral, while the tail was curved underneath to provide forward thrust; many mitrates are preserved with the tail underneath. ==Criticism==

The calcichordate theory is not widely accepted as a viable theory on the origins of the chordates. == Falsification ==

The calcichordate hypothesis has been disproven as of 2019; exceptional preservation of soft tissues in the single appendage of the stylophorans Thoralicystis and Hanusia revealed clear traces consistent with a water vascular system—an ambulacral canal with tube feet—covered by movable plates, where the calcichordate hypothesis would require the anatomy be a tail containing a notochord protected by fixed plates. The enlarged area at the base of the appendage, which in the calcichordate hypothesis would contain muscles to move the tail, contains an extension of the body cavity. The findings also disprove the hypothesis that the group were stalked echinoderms. Based on the internal anatomy, "calcichordates" (stylophorans) are revealed as echinoderms with a single, somewhat starfish-like arm that gathered food with tube feet and transferred it to a mouth at the base of the arm. The food-gathering arm may also have been used for locomotion, as in starfish. The fossils from the Bou Izargane Lagerstätte from the Lower Ordivician of Morocco were unknown to Jeffries; they had not been discovered when he formulated the hypothesis in the early 1960s based on the examination of a group of mitrate fossils, and were still unknown when he wrote subsequent papers in 1981 and 1997 defending the hypothesis. Stylophorans are classed as echinoderms based on their possession of at least two shared and unique features (apomorphies) of the phylum; stereom plates and a water vascular system. Because they show no sign of radial symmetry, the position of stylophorans within Echinodermata remains unresolved as of 2019. ==See also==