The composition of the
pine–
oak forests varies with elevation; oak
woodlands predominate from in elevation, with oak-pine woodlands between in elevation, transitioning to pine–oak forests above in elevation.
Mosses and
lichens are abundant throughout. The oak woodlands from in elevation are warmer and drier, with evergreen oaks predominant (principally
Quercus devia;
Quercus arizonica and
Quercus rugosa have a limited distribution), along with lower trees and shrubs such as
Dodonaea viscosa,
Sideroxylon peninsulare, and
Buddleia crotonoides. mixed with oaks, including
Quercus devia and
Quercus tuberculata, and other broadleaf trees, including
Arbutus peninsularis and
Nolina beldingii. Lower trees and understory shrubs include
Calliandra peninsularis,
Mimosa xanti,
Heterotoma aurita,
Verbesina pustulata and
Hypericum peninsulare. Above in elevation, pine predominates, mixed with oaks, and with an understory of grasses (
Muhlenbergia spp. and
Festuca spp.). ==Fauna==