Camellia japonica

Camellia japonica is a flowering tree or shrub, usually tall, but occasionally up to tall. Some cultivated varieties achieve a size of 72 m2 or more. The youngest branches are purplish brown, becoming grayish brown as they age. Leaves The alternately arranged leathery leaves are dark green on the top side, paler on the underside, usually long by wide with a stalk (petiole) about long. The base of the leaf is pointed (cuneate), the margins are very finely toothed (serrulate) and the tip somewhat pointed. Flower In the wild, flowering is between January and March. The flowers appear along the branches, particularly towards the ends, and have very short stems. They occur either alone or in pairs, and are across. There are about nine greenish bracteoles and sepals. Flowers of the wild species have six or seven rose or white petals, each long by wide; the innermost petals are joined at the base for up to a third of their length. (Cultivated forms often have more petals.) The numerous stamens are long, the outer whorl being joined at the base for up to . The three-lobed style is about long. Fruit The fruit consists of a globe-shaped capsule with three compartments (locules), each with one or two large brown seeds with a diameter of . Fruiting occurs in September to October in the wild. ==Taxonomy==

The genus Camellia was named after a Jesuit priest and botanist named Georg Kamel. The leaf has a shorter petiole, about long, with fine hairs (pubescent) at the base. The bracteoles and sepals are smooth (glabrous) on the outside. The color of the flowers ranges from red through rose to pink, flowering in April to May. This variety is regarded by some botanical authorities to be a separate species: Camellia rusticana. In Japan it is known by the common name "yuki-tsubaki" (snow camellia) as it naturally occurs in areas of heavy snowfall at altitudes ranging from down to on sloping land under deciduous beech trees in the mountain regions to the north of the main island of Honshu and facing the Sea of Japan. In December heavy drifts of snow come in from the north, covering the plants to a depth of up to . The bushes remain covered by snow from December till the end of March when the snow melts in early Spring and the camellias start flowering. Cultivars of C. japonica var. rusticana include: 'Nishiki-kirin', 'Nishiki-no-mine', 'Toyo-no-hikari' and 'Otome'. ==History==

China specimen of C. japonica Camellia japonica has appeared in paintings and porcelain in China since the 11th century. Early paintings of the plant are usually of the single red flowering type. However, a single white flowering plant is shown in the scroll of the Four Magpies of the Song Dynasty. Australia The first records of camellias in Australia pertain to a consignment to Alexander Macleay of Sydney that arrived in 1826 and were planted in Sydney at Elizabeth Bay House. The E.G. Waterhouse National Camellia Garden in Sydney, Australia is named after him. Europe According to a research conducted in 1959, by Dr. Frederick Meyer, of the United States Department of Agriculture, the camellias of Campo Bello (Portugal) are the oldest known specimens in Europe, which would have been planted around 1550, that is to say, these trees are nowadays approximately 460 years old. However it is said that the camellia was first brought to the West in 1692 by Engelbert Kaempfer, Chief Surgeon to the Dutch East India Company. He brought details of over 30 varieties back from Asia. Camellias were introduced into Europe during the 18th century and had already been cultivated in the Orient for thousands of years. Robert James of Essex, England, is thought to have brought back the first live camellia to England in 1739. On his return from Dejima, Carl Peter Thunberg made a short trip to London where he made the acquaintance of Sir Joseph Banks. Thunberg donated to Kew Botanic Gardens four specimens of Camellia japonica. One of these was supposedly given in 1780 to the botanical garden of Pillnitz Castle near Dresden in Germany where it currently measures in height and in diameter. These were probably planted at the end of the 16th century. United States In the U.S., camellias were first sold in 1807 as greenhouse plants, but were soon distributed to be grown outdoors in the south. In Charleston, South Carolina, the estate garden of Magnolia-on-the-Ashley introduced hundreds of new Camellia japonica cultivars from the 19th century onwards, and its recently restored collection has been designated an International Camellia Garden of Excellence. "Debutante", a popular variety, was originally introduced by Magnolia as "Sarah C. Hastie". The name was changed to give it more marketing appeal. Cross-breeding of camellias has produced many cultivars which are tolerant of hardiness zone 6 winters. These camellia varieties can grow in the milder parts of the lower Midwest (St. Louis, for example), Pacific Northwest, NYC area (NYC/NJ/CT), and even Ontario, Canada (near edge of the Great Lakes). It is the official state flower of the US state of Alabama. ==Cultivars==

Camellia japonica is valued for its flowers, which can be single, semi-double or double flowered. C. japonica 'Alba Plena' is nicknamed the "Bourbon Camellia". Captain Connor of the East Indiaman , brought the flower to England in 1792. The flowers are pure white and about 3 to 4 inches across. It blooms earlier than most cultivated camellias, in the early winter or spring, and can flower for 4 to 5 months. The zig-zag camellia or C. japonica 'Unryu' has different zig-zag branching patterns. "Unryu" means "dragon in the clouds" in Japanese; the Japanese believe it looks like a dragon climbing up to the sky. Another type of rare camellia is called the fishtail camellia or C. japonica 'Kingyo-tsubaki'. The tips of the leaves of this plant resemble a fish's tail. AGM cultivars The following is a selection of cultivars that have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit: For a full list of AGM camellia cultivars, see List of Award of Garden Merit camellias Flower form or style Camellia flower forms are quite varied but the main types are single, semi-double, formal double, informal double and elegans (or anemone) form. Single Single flowers have five to a maximum of eight petals in one row, petals loose, regular or irregular. May include petaloids; prominent display of stamens & pistils. Camellia.japonica.cv.Ashiya.7166.jpg|'Ashiya' Camellia japonica 'kamo-honnnami'.jpg|'Kamo-honnnami' Camellia 'Sekidotaroan'1.jpg|'Sekidotaroan' Japanese camellia red.jpg|'Japanese camellia' Semi-double Two or more rows of large regular, irregular or loose outer petals (nine or more) with an uninterrupted cluster of stamens. May include petaloids; petals may overlap or be set in rows for 'hose in hose' effect. Camellia japonica 'C.M. Wilson'.JPG|'C.M. Wilson' Camellia japonica 'The Czar'.jpg|'The Czar' Camelia japonica Dr. Tinsley 2006-04-8 200.jpg|'Dr. Tinsley' Camellia 'Dr Clifford Parks'.jpg|'Dr. Clifford Parks' Camellia japonica 'Mercury Supreme'.JPG|'Mercury Supreme' Camelia japonica 'Royal Velvet' 2006-05-03 046.jpg|'Royal Velvet' Camelia japonica triphosa 2006-04-8 194.jpg|'Triphosa' Camellia Japonica 'Ville De Nantes'.JPG|'Ville De Nantes' 茶花-松子 Camellia japonica 'Songzi'（Pine Cone）20210214180451 09.jpg|'Songzi' (Pine Cone) File:山茶 蝦夷錦 Ezo-nishiki 20211230131137.jpg|'Ezo-nishiki', two 'colors' on the same plant Irregular semi-double A semi-double with one or more petaloids interrupting the cluster of stamens. Camellia japonica 'Bob Hope'.jpg|'Bob Hope' Camelia japonica 'Drama Girl' 2006-05-03 032.jpg|'Drama Girl' Camellia japonica 'Fred Sander'.jpg|'Fred Sander' Kamelie in Pirna 23.JPG|Unidentified cultivar Formal double Many rows and number of petals (sometimes more than a hundred), regularly disposed, tiered or imbricated, but no visible stamens. Usually with a central cone of tightly furled petals. Hikarugenji trevarez.jpg|'Hikarugenji' Camellia Japonica - Black Lace.jpg|'Black Lace' Camellia japonica 'Coquettii' 01.jpg|'Coquettii' Camellia 'Dahlohnega'.jpg|'Dahlohnega' Camellia 'Duchesse de Berry'.jpg|'Duchesse de Berry' CAMELLIA japonica 'White by the Gate'.jpg|'White by the Gate' Elegans orm One or more rows of large outer petals lying flat or undulating, with a mass of intermingled petaloids and stamens in the center. Also called "Anemone Form". Kamelien-Königsbrück-Rotblüte.jpg|'Althaeiflora' Camellia japonica Bernhard Lauterbach 0503282 Kalenderkopie.jpg|'Bernhard Lauterbach' Camellia.japonica.cv.Chandlers.Elegance.7167.jpg|'Chandler's Elegance' Camellia japonica 'Nobilissima'.jpg|'Nobilissima' Informal double A mass of raised petals with petaloids (parts of the flower that have assumed the appearance of small, narrow or twisted petals). Stamens may or may not be visible. Also called "Peony Form". Camellia japonica 'Ann Blair Brown Variegated'.JPG|'Ann Blair Brown Variegated' Camellia.japonica.cv.Colombo.7168.jpg|'Colombo' Frankie winn camellia.jpg|'Frankie Winn' Camellia 'Nuccio's Jewel'.JPG|'Nuccio's Jewel' ==Cultivation==

Camellias should be planted in the shade in organic, somewhat acidic, semi-moist but well drained soil. If the soil is not well drained, it can cause the roots to rot. As a Camellia species, C. japonica can be used to make tea. Its processed leaves show aromatic fragrance. It contains caffeine and catechins of the same kind as C. sinensis. Diseases Some fungal and algal diseases include: Spot Disease, which gives the upper side of leaves a silver color and round spots, and can cause loss of leaves; Black Mold; Leaf Spot; Leaf Gall; Flower Blight, which causes flowers to become brown and fall; Root Rot; and Canker caused by the fungus Glomerella cingulata, which penetrates plants through wounds. Some insects and pests of C. japonica are the Fuller Rose Beetle Pantomorus cervinus, the mealybugs Planococcus citri and Pseudococcus longispinus, the weevils Otiorhyncus salcatus and Otiorhyncus ovatus, and the tea scale Fiorinia theae. Some physiological diseases include salt injury which results from high levels of salt in soil; chlorosis which is thought to be caused lack of certain elements in the soil or insufficient acidity preventing their absorption by the roots; bud drop which causes loss or decay of buds, and can be caused by over-watering, high temperatures, or pot-bound roots. Other diseases are oedema and sunburn. Not much is known about viral diseases in C. japonica. C. japonica leaves are eaten by the caterpillars of some Lepidoptera, such as the engrailed (Ectropis crepuscularia). == Use by humans ==

Camellias are used to make teas and medicinal tinctures. See the overview at Uses of Camellia. ==In culture and art==

In Japanese literature, camellia flowers unfurling in early spring symbolise the virtue of resilience and beauty in modesty, while the whole flowers dropping off the camellia plants (ochi tsubaki) are likened to a beheaded samurai's head. The Furutsubaki-no-rei is a japanese yōkai said to develop from old camellia trees. Camellias are seen as lucky symbols for the Chinese New Year and spring and were even used as offerings to the gods during the Chinese New Year. It is also thought that Chinese women would never wear a Camellia in their hair because it opened much later after the bud formed. This was thought to signify that she would not have a son for a long time. The following is a poem written by English evangelical Protestant writer Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna in 1834: THE WHITE CAMELLIA JAPONICA. Thou beauteous child of purity and grace, What element could yield so fair a birth? Defilement bore me — my abiding place Was mid the foul clods of polluted earth. But light looked on me from a holier sphere, To draw me heavenward — then I rose and shone; And can I vainly to thine eye appear, Thou dust-born gazer? make the type thine own. From thy dark dwelling look thou forth, and see The purer beams that brings a lovelier change for thee. ==See also==