Governor-in-Council The
Government of Canada, formally referred to as ''
His Majesty's Government, is defined by the constitution as the King acting on the advice of his Privy Council; what is technically known as the Governor-in-Council'', referring to the
governor general as the King's delegate. However, the Privy Council—composed mostly of former members of parliament, current and former
chief justices of Canada, and other elder statesmen—rarely meets in full; as the stipulations of
responsible government require that those who directly
advise the monarch and governor general on how to exercise the
Royal Prerogative be accountable to the elected
House of Commons, the day-to-day operation of government is guided only by a sub-group of the Privy Council made up of individuals who hold seats in Parliament. and the royal and viceregal figures may unilaterally use these powers in exceptional
constitutional crisis situations. There are also
a few duties which must be specifically performed by, or bills that require assent by, the King. Royal assent has never been denied to a bill passed by the federal Parliament. One of the main duties of the Crown is to appoint as
prime minister the individual most likely to maintain the
confidence of the House of Commons; this is usually the leader of the
political party with a plurality of seats in that house. But, when no party or coalition holds a majority (referred to as a
hung parliament), or similar scenario, the governor general's judgment about the most suitable candidate for prime minister must be brought into play. The prime minister thereafter heads the Cabinet. The King is informed by his viceroy of the acceptance of the resignation of a prime minister and the swearing-in of a new ministry
Selection and structure The governor general appoints to the Cabinet persons chosen by the prime minister—
John A. Macdonald once half-jokingly listed his occupation as
cabinet maker. While there are no legal qualifications of the potential ministers, there are a number of conventions that are expected to be followed. For instance, there is typically a minister from each
province, ministers from
visible minority,
with disability and
Indigenous groups, female ministers, and, while the majority of those chosen to serve as ministers of the Crown are
members of Parliament, a cabinet sometimes includes a
senator, especially as a representative of a province or region where the governing
party won few or no
ridings. Efforts are further made to indulge interest groups that support the incumbent government and the party's internal politics must be appeased. It is not legally necessary for Cabinet members to have a position in parliament although they are almost always selected from the House of Commons. in 1930 As with other
Westminster-derived governments, but unlike the
United States Cabinet, the size and structure of the Canadian Cabinet is relatively malleable, the slate of Cabinet positions tending to be substantially restructured periodically, the last major period of realignment occurring between 1993 and 1996. Throughout the 20th century, cabinets had been expanding in size until the Cabinet chaired by
Brian Mulroney, with a population of 40 ministers. Mulroney's successor,
Kim Campbell, reduced this number and
Jean Chrétien eliminated approximately 10 members of the ministry from the Cabinet, so that, by 1994, there were a total of 23 persons in Cabinet. Under the chairmanship of
Paul Martin, the number increased again to 39, in the vicinity of which it has remained. The Trudeau Cabinet comprised 37 ministers in 2021. Cabinet itself—or full Cabinet—is further divided into
committees. The
Treasury Board, overseeing the expenditure of the sovereign's state funds within every department, is one of the most important of these. The structure of Cabinet fluctuates between and within ministries. For example, the
Priorities and Planning Committee, often referred to as the
inner Cabinet, was the body that set the strategic directions for the government under Stephen Harper, approving key appointments and ratifying committee memberships. This committee ceased to exist under Justin Trudeau. Other Cabinet committees common across committee structures include operations, social affairs, a committee focused on economic growth, foreign affairs and security, the environment, and energy security. Each committee is chaired by a senior minister whose own portfolio may intersect with the mandate of the committee. Unique positions in Cabinet are those such as
leader of the government in the House of Commons and
president of the King's Privy Council, who have no corresponding department and some ministers, such as the minister for international cooperation, head agencies under the umbrella of a department run by another minister. Further, the prime minister may recommend the governor general appoint to Cabinet some
ministers without portfolio, which was last done in 2021, when Prime Minister Trudeau advised the appointment of
Jim Carr as Special Representative to the Prairies. Unlike in many other Westminster model governments,
ministers of state in Canada are considered full members of Cabinet, rather than of the ministry outside it, which has the effect of making the Canadian Cabinet much larger than its foreign counterparts. These individuals are assigned specific, but temporary, responsibilities on a more
ad hoc basis, fulfilling tasks created and dissolved to suit short-term government priorities from within a department under a full minister of the Crown. Ministers of state may also be named, but not specified any particular responsibilities, thus giving them the effective appearance of ministers without portfolio, or be delegated problems or initiatives that cut across departmental boundaries, a situation usually described as
having the [situation] file. Members of the Cabinet receive assistance from both
parliamentary secretaries—who will usually answer, on behalf of a minister, questions in the House of Commons—and
deputy ministers—senior
civil servants assigned to each ministry in order to tender non-partisan advice. ==Responsibilities==