Cape Sable was first inhabited by the
Mi'kmaq, who called the area and generally the island itself "Kespoogwitik", meaning "where the land ends". Cape Sable Island was charted by explorers from
Portugal who named it "Beusablom", meaning "Sandy Bay". The French governor of Acadia,
Charles de la Tour, colonized Cap de Sable giving it the present name, meaning Sandy Cape. La Tour built up a strong post at Cap de Sable beginning in 1623, called Fort Lomeron in honour of David Lomeron who was his agent in France. (The fur trading post called Fort Lomeron was later renamed Fort La Tour although identified as Fort Saint-Louis in the writings of Samuel de Champlain.) Here he carried on a sizable trade in furs with the Mi'kmaq and farmed the land. During the
Anglo-French War (1627–1629), under
Charles 1, by 1629 the
Kirkes took
Quebec City, Sir James Stewart of Killeith,
Lord Ochiltree planted a colony on
Cape Breton Island at
Baleine, and Alexander's son,
William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling established the first incarnation of
"New Scotland" at
Port Royal, Nova Scotia. This set of British triumphs in what had otherwise been a disastrous war was not destined to last. Charles 1's haste to make peace with France on the terms most beneficial to him meant that the new North American gains would be bargained away in the
Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1632). There were three battles in Nova Scotia during the colonization of Scots: one at
Saint John; another battle at
Balene, Cape Breton; and one on Cape Sable Island.
Siege of 1630 In 1629, as a result of these Scottish victories, Cape Sable was the only major French holding in North America. There was a battle between Charles and his father at Fort St. Louis (See National Historic Site - Fort St. Louis), the latter supporting the Scottish who had taken Port Royal. The battle lasted two days. Claude was forced to withdraw in humiliation to Port Royal. As a result, La Tour appealed to the King of France for assistance and was appointed lieutenant-general in Acadia in 1631. By 1641, La Tour lost Cape Sable Island, Pentagouet (
Castine, Maine), and
Port Royal to Governor of Acadia
Charles de Menou d'Aulnay de Charnisay. La Tour retired to Cap de Sable with his third wife Jeanne Motin, wed in 1653, and died in 1666.
Father Rale's War During
Father Rale's War, there were numerous attacks on New England fishing vessels. As an important landfall and base for seasonal New England fishing vessels working the rich fishing banks of Southwestern Nova Scotia, Cape Sable attracted several waves of pirate attacks in the
Golden Age of Piracy. Pirates
Ned Low and
John Phillips raided fishing vessels off Cape Sable and Phillips met his death off the Cape in 1723. In 1725 the British signed a treaty (or "agreement") with the Mi'kmaq of Cape Sable and other parts of Nova Scotia but the rights of the Mi'kmaq defined in it to hunt and fish on their lands have often been disputed by the authorities.
French and Indian War The British
Conquest of Acadia happened in 1710. Over the next forty-five years, the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain. During this time period, Acadians participated in various militia operations against the British and maintained vital supply lines to the French Fortress of Louisbourg and Fort Beausejour. The Acadians and Mi'kmaq from Cape Sable Island raided the Protestants at
Lunenburg, Nova Scotia numerous times. During the
French and Indian War, the British sought to neutralize any military threat Acadians posed and to interrupt the vital supply lines Acadians provided to Louisbourg by
deporting Acadians from Acadia. In April 1756, Major
Jedidiah Preble and his New England troops, on their return to Boston, raided a settlement near
Port La Tour and captured 72 men, women and children. In the late summer of 1758, the British launched three large offensives against the Acadians. One was the
St. John River Campaign, another was the
Petitcodiac River Campaign, and the other was against the Acadians at Cape Sable Island. Major Henry Fletcher led the
35th Regiment and a company of
Joseph Gorham's Rangers to Cape Sable Island. He cordoned off the cape and sent his men through it. One hundred Acadians and Father Jean Baptiste de Gray surrendered, while about 130 Acadians and seven Mi'kmaq escaped. The Acadian prisoners were taken to
Georges Island in Halifax Harbour. En route to the
St. John River Campaign in September 1758, Moncton sent Major Roger Morris, in command of two men-of-war and transport ships with 325 soldiers, to deport more Acadians. On October 28, his troops sent the women and children to Georges Island. The men were kept behind and forced to work with troops to destroy their village. On October 31, they were also sent to Halifax. In the spring of 1759, Joseph Gorham and his rangers arrived to take prisoner the remaining 151 Acadians. They reached Georges Island with them on June 29.
New England Planters Following the
Acadian Expulsion in the 1750s, the island was settled by the
New England Planters from Cape Cod and nearby Nantucket Island. The waters off southwestern Nova Scotia had been well known to them since the days of French settlement in the early 17th century. While the tides of the Gulf of Maine may have brought a few exploring fishermen from Nantucket to the island, it was an entirely different tide that spawned the eventual permanent English settlement—a political tide. Many Cape New Englanders took advantage of the offer of of land to each male adult who would leave his home and live on those vacated lands in Atlantic Canada. Cape Sable Island was well known to Cape Cod fishermen and they moved north in 1760 to take advantage of a new life. The Cape Sable settlement soon became, and remains today, an important base for inshore fisheries. It is famous as the birthplace of the
Cape Islander fishing boat, a motor fishing boat which emerged about 1905. Ferry service provided transportation to the island in the early 20th century. A
causeway was eventually constructed for pedestrian and automobile traffic, opening on August 5, 1949. Today the
lobster fishery is the island's biggest industry.
American Revolution Raid on Cape Sable Island (1778) During the
American Revolution, American Privateers threatened Cape Sable Island. On September 4, 1778, the light infantry company of the
84th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highland Emigrants), under the command of Cpt.
Ranald MacKinnon, surprised the ship in the night and destroyed it. For his aggressive action, MacKinnon was praised highly by Brigadier General
Eyre Massey. In response, one of his friends, Cpt. MacDonald, wrote to Major
John Small, "McKinnon was embarrassed by the praise of the General and requested it not be inserted in the record since he only did his duty." ==Communities of Cape Sable Island==