Montenegro (1798–1914) Until 1851,
Montenegro was a
theocracy, ruled by an Orthodox Bishop and a Senate, composed of representatives of Montenegrin tribes, which enjoyed a full autonomy. The first written law was passed in 1789 (and amended in 1803), during the rule of Bishop Peter I. It prescribed the death penalty for murder and treason and allowed three modes of execution: hanging, shooting and stoning. The shooting was performed by representatives of all tribes (at times, several hundred men), in order to prevent the blood revenge by the offender's tribe. Although not prescribed by law, capital punishment was also applied to thieves. According to historical sources, "a thief was hanged and a murderer was shot" in 1831. After
Montenegro became a secular principality, a new penal code was adopted in 1855 (The Prince Danilo's Code). It prescribed capital punishment for 18 offences, including murder, treason, offences against the dignity of the Prince (lèse-majesté), various forms of theft, and refusal to pay tax. The first modern Penal Code, adopted in 1906, proscribed capital punishment for more than twenty offences. Execution was by shooting, performed by a firing squad of ten soldiers. The true number of death sentences and executions prior to 1914 is not known, but it was small: on the average, one or two executions per year. An exception to this were two political trials in 1908 and 1909, when 13 people accused of conspiring against the government were sentenced to death and 9 were executed.
Yugoslavia (1918–1941) When Yugoslavia was created in 1918, different legal systems remained in force in different parts of the new country. In the north-western provinces (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia and Vojvodina), executions were by hanging in an enclosed space with restricted public attendance. In the remainder of the country (Serbia, Kosovo, Montenegro and Macedonia), executions were by shooting and in public. When a single Penal Code was introduced for the whole country (1929), hanging remained the only legal mode of execution, with the exception of sentences passed by military courts, which were executed by shooting. Crimes punished by death were mostly murder, aggravated robbery, and terrorism. According to the official statistics, there were 14 death sentences and 5 executions in Montenegro from 1920 to 1940. In the same period, the whole of Yugoslavia had 904 sentences and 291 executions.
Yugoslavia (1945–1991) After
World War II, many death sentences were passed on Nazi collaborators and war criminals, but also on the "enemies of the people", i.e. all those who opposed the new communist regime. There are no reliable data, but it seems likely that in
Yugoslavia until 1951 there were as many as 10 000 death sentences, a majority of which were executed. In Montenegro, there may have been several hundred death sentences, approximately two thirds of which were executed. In addition to political offences, capital crimes included theft of government property, aggravated murder, and robbery. Until 1959, executions were either by shooting or by hanging, as determined by the sentence of the court in each individual case, although hangings were considered as an aggravated form and were used less frequently. In the first post-war years, executions of major war criminals were often public. After 1950, the number of death sentences fell sharply. According to the official statistics, from 1950 to 1958 there were 229 death sentences in all of Yugoslavia, while in Montenegro there were around 15. The 1959 reforms resulted in a more lenient system of criminal justice. The number of capital offences was reduced and capital punishment was abolished for property offences. Hanging was abolished and shootings became the only legal method, performed by eight police officers, with half having firing blanks. Executions were performed privately. From 1959 to 1991, there was an average of 2 or 3 executions per year in Yugoslavia. In the same 32-year period, there were fewer than 10 executions in Montenegro.
Montenegro (1991–2002) From April 1992, Montenegro was part of the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which consisted of the two federal units of Serbia and Montenegro. From 1991 to 2002, Montenegrin courts passed 8 death sentences, and 0 executions. The last 2 death sentences were passed by the Higher Court in Podgorica for Slavko Dević and Rade Arsović, convicted of murder. ==Abolition==