Lincoln Town Car

Etymology In the 1900s-1920s, a town car was a vehicle design that transitioned from horse-drawn carriages to limousines (functionally similar to the brougham). The design featured an open chauffeur's compartment with an enclosed rear cabin for the passengers. In French, the term "de Ville" described the design as "for town (use)", as such automobiles had few provisions for carrying luggage; the design was Anglicized as "town car" or "town brougham" (with Brougham adopted as a popular trim level during the 1970s and 1980s). In 1922, Edsel Ford purchased a custom-built Lincoln L-Series town car as a personal vehicle for his father, Henry Ford. In 1949, Cadillac introduced the Coupe de Ville, followed by the Sedan de Ville in 1956. Though not adopting the namesake design, the Cadillac de Ville series became the primary rival of Lincoln for the second half of the 20th century. Continental Town Car Prior to becoming a stand-alone model line for 1981, the Town Car nameplate saw use for two different generations of Lincoln Continental sedans. 1959–1960 For 1959, Lincoln augmented its flagship Continental line, adding the Town Car and Limousine formal sedans above the Mark IV; the vehicles were jointly manufactured by Lincoln and coachbuilder Hess and Eisenhardt. In contrast to the standard Mark IV, the Town Car/Limousine underwent several major design changes. For 1960, the two vehicles adopted the Lincoln Continental nameplate. While the doors were retained, the Mark-series reverse-slant roofline was replaced by a formal-styled C-pillar, covered by a fully padded vinyl top and inset rear window (fixed in place); the hardtop roofline gave way to a fixed B-pillar (the frameless door glass remained). In addition to adding more conservative styling, the redesigned roofline was a functional change, as it allowed the rear seat to be repositioned to increase legroom without any modification to the wheelbase. The Town Car was developed for use as an owner-driven vehicle; the Limousine was to be chauffeur-driven, adding a retractable glass partition behind the front seat. In total, 214 Town Cars and 83 Limousines were built during 1959 and 1960. 1970–1979 For 1970, Lincoln revived the Town Car name, reintroducing it as a trim package option for the Lincoln Continental, featuring leather seating surfaces and deeper cut-pile carpeting. For 1971, the brand commemorated its fiftieth anniversary by marketing a limited-edition Golden Anniversary Lincoln Continental Town Car; 1500 were produced. For 1972, the Town Car name returned permanently, becoming a flagship sub-model of the Continental line. Taking from its name heritage, nearly all examples of the Continental Town Car were specified with a vinyl top that covered the rear half of the roof (a full-length top was optional); to incorporate coach lamps on the B-pillars, a raised molding was included, also marking the transition between the metal and vinyl roof. A two-door variant of the Town Car, named the Town Coupe, was introduced for 1973, featuring nearly the same roof design. When Lincoln redesigned the roofline of the Continental for 1975, the Town Car was fitted with the oval opera windows from the Mark IV coupe; the Town Coupe received a large rectangular opera window. The Continental Town Car proved to be a success for the division, becoming the most popular Lincoln vehicle of the 1970s (as the Mark IV and Mark V were not technically branded as Lincolns). File:1976_Lincoln_Continental_Town_Coupe_(27332210625).jpg|1976 Lincoln Town Coupe (two-door version) File:1978_Lincoln_Continental_Town_Car,_front_right.jpg|1978 Lincoln Continental Town Car File:1979_Lincoln_Continental_Town_Car_(27297185836).jpg|1979 Lincoln Continental Town Car File:77_Lincoln_Continental_Town_Car_(6030713971).jpg|Closeup image of rear roofline of a 1977 Lincoln Continental Town Car, showing padded rear vinyl roof and opera windows 1980 For 1980, Lincoln became the final American brand to market downsized full-size cars; in addition to doing so nearly four years after Cadillac, Lincoln trailed Ford and sister division Mercury by a year. However, the redesign shifted the brand from marketing the largest production sedan in North America to giving it a smaller exterior footprint than either Cadillac or Chrysler. The Continental Town Car returned for 1980, again serving as the flagship trim of the Lincoln Continental. Alongside the downsizing of the Lincoln Continental, Ford replaced the Continental Mark V for 1980 with the smaller Mark VI. The first all-new generation of the Mark Series since 1972, the Mark VI shared its chassis and much of the body with the Continental to reduce development and production costs; a four-door sedan was designed to attract additional customers. In line with preceding generations of the Mark Series, the Mark VI was officially branded as a Continental and marketed and supported through Lincoln-Mercury. In spite of bringing downsized full-size sedans to production to meet high consumer demand, from a marketing standpoint, the 1980 update of the Lincoln model line would prove catastrophic. In early 1980, the slow-selling Lincoln Versailles mid-size sedan was quietly retired; as before 1977, Lincoln again offered solely full-size cars, with nothing to sell against European-brand luxury vehicles. The deletion of the Versailles also left Lincoln to market three versions of the same model line, as the Continental, Continental Town Car/Town Coupe, and Mark VI differed little in appearance. For 1981, Lincoln's model line underwent a revision to transition its full-size model range from three nameplates to one, commencing a multi-year transition throughout all three Ford divisions. All full-size Lincolns (introduced for 1980) became Lincoln Town Cars; the Lincoln Continental nameplate went on hiatus for the model year, reappearing on an all-new mid-size sedan for 1982 (not replacing the Versailles). The Mark VI remained in production, ending its model cycle after the 1983 model year; the mid-size Mark VII that replaced it for 1984 represented a near-complete break from design tradition for the Mark Series. == First generation (1981–1989) ==

A model year removed from the extensive downsizing of its full-size model range, the Lincoln division underwent a revision of its nameplates. Following the discontinuation of the compact Versailles sedan, Lincoln was left marketing six nearly identical vehicles (Continental, Continental Town Car, and Continental Mark VI, all offered both as two-door and four-door sedans). For 1981, the Lincoln Town Car was introduced, consolidating the Continental and Continental Town Car into a single model line slotted below the Continental Mark VI. Identical to the 1980 Lincoln Continental, the Lincoln Town Car was offered as a two-door and four-door sedan (the Town Coupe nameplate was discontinued). Largely overshadowed by its Continental Mark VI counterpart, the Town Car two-door was discontinued for 1982. As the Continental Mark VII was introduced for 1984, Lincoln pared its full-size line down solely to the Town Car four-door sedan. At the time of its launch, the Town Car had been slated for replacement by front-wheel drive model lines (in anticipation of further volatility in fuel prices); as fuel prices began to stabilize, demand initially rose for the model line, leading Lincoln-Mercury to produce the Town Car through the 1980s with few visible changes. Over 200,000 were sold in 1988, the highest ever for the model line. However, this increase was mostly due to an extended 1988 Town Car model year which ran from March 1987 to October 1988 instead of the usual 12-month period. Conversely, the 1987 Town Car with its shortened model year only had sales of just over 76,000. Although remaining Lincoln's top-selling model, calendar-year sales declined each year for the Town Car between 1986 and 1989. This decline was mostly blamed on its aging design and the increased popularity of the Continental which had been fully redesigned for 1988. Chassis The 1980–1989 Lincoln Continental/Town Car used the Panther platform shared with Ford and Mercury. Delayed to the 1980 model year due to engineering issues, the Panther platform meant radically different exterior dimensions for the Lincoln models. Although extended three inches in wheelbase over its Ford/Mercury/Mark VI coupe counterparts, the 1980–1989 versions would have the shortest wheelbase ever used for a full-size Lincoln at the time (10 inches shorter than its 1979 predecessor). The 1980 Continental/Town Car was the shortest Lincoln since the Versailles. In the interest of fuel economy and handling, the Panther chassis reduced weight by up to compared to the 1970–1979 full-size Lincolns. As the lightest full-size Lincoln in 40 years, the 1980 Continental/Town Car came within less than 200 pounds of the curb weight of the compact-sized Versailles. The new Panther platform meant reduced overall size, better suspension geometry, and upgraded power steering with a reduced turning diameter by over 8 feet (compared to the 1979 Lincoln Continental). For 1984, gas-pressurized shocks were added. To achieve better Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) results, Ford discontinued the 400 and 460 big-block V8s in its full-size cars. For 1980, a 4.9 L V8 (the 302 engine was marketed as a "5.0 L" V8) was standard. A V8 was available as an option. Following the introduction of the Lincoln Town Car in 1981, the V8 became the only available engine (with the 351 becoming an option for Ford and Mercury). In Canada, the 302 V8 remained carbureted until 1985. In 1986, the 302 V8 was revised to , following a redesign of the fuel-injection system with the introduction of sequential multi-port fuel injection. These engines are identifiable by their cast aluminum upper intake manifolds with a horizontal throttle body (vertical throttle plate); this replaced the traditional throttle body with a carburetor-style top-mounted air cleaner previously used. Introduced in the Lincoln Continental for 1980 and marketed in all Panther-platform vehicles in 1981, the Lincoln Town Car was equipped with the 4-speed AOD automatic overdrive transmission, the sole transmission of 1981–1989 examples. All Town Cars from 1980 through 1989 were available with an optional trailer towing package that included dual exhausts, a 3.55:1 limited-slip differential (code 'K') and an improved cooling package for the engine and transmission. Body Exterior During the late 1970s, the sales of the Lincoln Continental had held steady and the Continental Mark V would go on to outsell its Cadillac Eldorado counterpart. In the development of the Lincoln Town Car, the design themes of the 1977-1979 Lincoln Continental and Mark V would both influence the exterior design of the 1980 Continental/Town Car. As with its predecessors, the Town Car featured nearly flat body sides, sharp-edged fenders, and a radiator-style grille. Hideaway headlamps gave way to exposed halogen headlamps (the first on a full-size Lincoln since 1969). Another first included fully framed door glass (retractable vent windows were now standard); in contrast to its Ford and Mercury counterparts, the window frames were painted matte black. While chrome trim remained around the headlamps and window frames, in a break from Lincoln tradition, it was deleted from the top of the fenders. Though mechanically similar to the Ford LTD and Mercury Marquis (the Ford LTD Crown Victoria and Mercury Grand Marquis after 1983), the Lincoln Town Car shared visible body panels only with the Continental Mark VI. In contrast to its Ford, Mercury, and Mark VI counterparts, the rooflines of 1981-1989 Town Cars feature a vertical quarter window in the C-pillar. After only 4,935 two-door Town Cars were sold in 1981, the body style was discontinued for 1982. In the shift from rebadging the Continental to the Lincoln Town Car for 1981, Lincoln replaced the "Continental" badging above the headlights with "Town Car." A padded roof was standard equipment on all Town Cars, with its design determined by trim level. On standard-trim Town Cars, a leather-grained vinyl full-length covering with center pillar coach lamps was fitted. For Signature Series and Cartier trims, a padded vinyl landau top (covering only the rear half of the roof) with a frenched (smaller) rear window opening was fitted; the landau top was also an option on standard-trim Town Cars. On non-Cartier Town Cars, a full-length cloth (canvas) cabriolet roof was an option; imitating the look of a convertible, the design deleted the C-pillar quarter windows. During the 1980s, the Lincoln Town Car would undergo several exterior revisions. For 1985, the model was given a mid-cycle facelift. In addition to (slightly) improving its aerodynamics, the design was intended to visually shorten the car (though the length was essentially unchanged). The front and rear bumpers were redesigned, better integrating them into the bodywork. The rear fascia was redesigned; distinguished by redesigned taillamps, and the trunk lid was better integrated with the rear fenders. For 1986, to meet federal regulations, a center brake light was added in the rear window. For 1988, the grille was updated with a brushed-metal panel between the taillamps, which now featured the reverse lamps. 1989 models are distinguished by special trim features including satin black paint for grille blades, trim between headlights, and amber (instead of clear) front parking lamps. The "Lincoln" front-end badging is moved from above the left headlight onto the grille and changed to a large sans-serif script. In the rear, the brushed-metal panel was given a pinstripe finish and all badging was moved from the panel onto the trunk lid. All models feature a landau roof with a smaller, more formal "frenched" rear window. All non-Cartier models also include an embedded Lincoln "star" emblems in their opera windows Interior The interior of the Lincoln Town Car featured many advanced luxury options for its time. Signature Series and Cartier models featured 6-way power seats (and manual seatback recliners) for the driver and front passenger; the Lincoln Town Car adopted a split front bench seat previously seen on the Mark coupes. Several electronic features included an optional digital display trip computer showing the driver "miles to empty" and (based on driver input) an "estimated time of arrival". Ford's proprietary door-mounted keypad system, marketed as its Securicode, unlocked the vehicle through a 5-digit combination (factory-programmed or owner-programmed). Mounted above the driver's door handle, the keypad allowed the driver to lock all four doors; after entering the code, the driver could unlock the doors or release the trunk lid. Along with keyfob-based systems, the keypad system is still in use on Ford and Lincoln vehicles (as of 2025). As part of the 1985 update, the Lincoln Town Car was the first Ford vehicle to feature a CD player as an option (as part of a 12-speaker JBL premium stereo system); while 1984 was the final year for the option of 8-track players and CB radios for the Town Car. The marketing campaign was unable to turn around declining Town Car sales. It was only after an all-new redesigned Town Car was introduced in 1989 for the 1990 model year that sales temporarily rebounded. Production == Second generation (FN36/116; 1990–1997) ==

After ten years on the market (nine of them as the Town Car) relatively unchanged, the Lincoln Town Car was given an extensive redesign inside and out, being launched on October 5, 1989, as a 1990 model. In a move to bring a new generation of buyers to the Lincoln brand, the Town Car adopted a far more contemporary image, bringing it in line with the Continental and Mark VII. In addition, the Town Car adopted a new range of safety and luxury features and would mark the debut of a powertrain that would see usage in a wide variety of Ford Motor Company vehicles. The Town Car was named the 1990 Motor Trend Car of the Year. The Town Car's redesign gave the model a significant sales boost in 1990, helping Lincoln achieve record total sales that year. The second-generation Town Car became one of the best-selling full-size U.S. luxury sedans. Town Car sales quickly declined again and would drop below 100,000 in 1995 for the first time in over ten years. This decline mirrored what had been going on in the luxury car market as buyers’ tastes shifted more towards nimbler, performance-oriented models, and eventually SUVs. However, by 1984, full-size Lincoln sales had rapidly increased, with 1984 sales up 300% over 1980. Various proposals were considered ranging from a conservative update of the existing Town Car to a European-style body in the design language of the 1988 Lincoln Continental (FN-9, designed in 1984). In 1984, a second factor driving the design of the FN36 project was initiated, as the United States government introduced regulations mandating passive restraints on vehicles produced after September 1, 1989; along with automatic seat belts, out of necessity, automakers began to reconsider the use of airbags as passive restraints. By 1988, dual airbags remained nearly unused in cars sold in the United States, with the exception of the Mercedes S-Class (Mercedes-Benz W126) and the Porsche 944. To comply with the legislation, Lincoln introduced the 1988 Continental with dual airbags, becoming the first Ford Motor Company (and first domestically produced vehicle) with them standard. As adding airbags to the 1988-1989 Town Car would require a redesign of the steering column and entire dashboard, dual airbag were moved to the FN36 project, making them an intended standard feature. To improve quality of prototypes, project managers broke from automotive industry precedent, requiring successive hand-built prototypes to be built to production-level quality to determine the locations and causes of specific issues of tooling and manufacturing. From 1988 until 1989, the Town Car would go from over a year behind its production date to two weeks ahead of schedule. Chassis To lower the development and production costs of the extensive redesign, Ford Motor Company retained the Panther platform for the Lincoln Town Car, continuing its use of rear-wheel drive. In a major change, rear air suspension (introduced as an option for all three Panther vehicles in 1988) became standard equipment on all Town Cars. For 1990, the Town Car was produced with 11-inch rear drum brakes (identical to its 1989 predecessor); for 1991, they were replaced by 10-inch solid rotor disc brakes. Due to development delays in the Modular engine program, the 1990 Lincoln Town Car was released with the same powertrain as its predecessor: the small block V8 engine with a 4-speed AOD overdrive automatic. In October 1990, the 302 (marketed as 5.0 L) V8 was replaced by a 4.6 L SOHC Modular V8 for 1991 models; for the 1994 model year, the optional 210 hp dual-exhaust version of the engine became standard. Shared with the Ford Crown Victoria and Mercury Grand Marquis, the SOHC version of the 4.6 L Modular V8 would see use in a number of other Ford vehicles within the Ford light-truck line, remaining in production into 2014. For 1993, the AOD transmission was converted to electronic operation, becoming the AOD-E. In 1994, along with a mid-cycle refresh, the 1995 Town Car received the higher-torque 4R70W from the Lincoln Mark VIII. Body The second-generation Lincoln Town Car was designed by Gale Halderman and Ford Group Design Vice President Jack Telnack. Exterior In its redesign for the 1990 model year, Lincoln stylists sought a completely new design for the Town Car. Many traditional Lincoln styling cues were heavily reworked or abandoned completely. Although the Town Car would keep its formal notchback sedan roofline, the flat-sided fenders and angular lines seen since the Continentals and Mark IIIs of the late 1960s disappeared. Stylists made the body more aerodynamic reducing the drag coefficient from 0.46 to 0.36 (matching the 1988 Continental and besting the Mark VII). This facelift is distinguished by the deletion of the fixed quarter glass in the rear doors along with the redesign of the side mirrors (enlarged and changed to body-color). Although the bumper largely remained unchanged, the front fascia was updated as the headlamp clusters are changed to a clear-lens design and separated from the grille. The grille was redesigned, returning to the 1990-1992 design in a surround fitting closer to the body. The rear fascia saw the trim between the tail lamps redesigned, featuring additional running lights, while the reverse lamps were moved from the outer edges of the reflector panel to the center, beneath the lid lock cover (similar to the 1985–1987 models). Interior In a departure from the Lincoln Continental and Mark VII, the use of the Panther platform necessitated a degree of component sharing with the Ford and Mercury counterparts. Although fitted with its own seats and door panels, the Town Car was fitted with essentially the same dashboard as the Mercury Grand Marquis (versions with digital instruments retained the instrument panel layout from 1988 until 1989). In 1993, the wood trim was changed to an orange-toned walnut. Due to its popularity (and to better separate the Town Car from its Ford/Mercury counterparts), the digital instrument panel was made standard; as such, the climate-control system was converted to a digital display. New for the 1995 model year was an integrated, voice-activated in-car cellular telephone concealed in the center armrest, which featured a speakerphone as well as a rearview mirror-mounted microphone for hands-free calling. As part of its 1995 Mid-cycle refresh, the interior saw a greater degree of change than the exterior. To bring the design up to date (and in line with the rest of the Lincoln line), the dashboard and door panels featured a curved design, while influenced by the Mark VIII, the 6-passenger design of the Town Car precluded the adoption of a center console in the interior. To increase storage space, the dual center armrests of the front seats on Signature and Cartier models were redesigned to include storage compartments (to hold cassettes and the optional cellular telephone). The dashboard design continued into the new door panels, now with an illuminated power window and seat adjuster cluster, and a back-lit power door lock switch placed higher on the door. Releases for the trunk and fuel door were moved from the dashboard onto the lower driver's door. Redesigned seat patterns now offered an available driver and front passenger electric heat feature. The radio antenna was integrated into the rear window. In addition, aside from gray lower body trim offered as an option for Signature Series Town Cars, Cartier Editions became the only two-tone versions of the Town Car. Special editions In addition to the three standard trims of the Lincoln Town Car, various special edition option packages were produced by Lincoln (excluding dealer-produced versions). Jack Nicklaus Signature Series (1992–1997)The Jack Nicklaus Signature Series was a special-edition option package for the Town Car Signature Series that featured a green exterior paired with a white vinyl top. The interior included white leather seats accented by green piping as well as a Lincoln logo embroidered in green stitching on the seatback. Green carpets and floor mats rounded out the cabin's unique color scheme. Another version of the package was sold with a white exterior and green vinyl roof; the interior trim was similar, with white leather seats and green carpets and trim. Most Jack Nicklaus editions have gold-trimmed exterior ornamentation, including green and gold "Golden Bear" badges on the front fenders. Options included on 1992 through 1997 Jack Nicklaus Signature Series included memory seats with power and monotone paint. Regatta Edition (1994)The Regatta Edition was a maritime-themed special-edition option package for the Signature Series, with approximately 1,500 produced. The package consisted of White Oxford leather seats (with optional blue seat piping), with regatta blue carpeting; the doors and instrument panel featured matching blue-color trim. The package was often paired with a white oxford vinyl carriage roof featuring embroidery on the C-pillar near the opera windows. Spinnaker Edition (1995)Replacing the Regatta Edition, the Spinnaker Edition option package featured tri-coat paint, two-toned leather seats, the Spinnaker logo on the floor mats, and 16" spoked aluminum wheels. Diamond Anniversary Edition (1996)To commemorate the 75th anniversary of Lincoln in 1996, the division sold a Diamond Anniversary Edition of the Town Car Signature Series (alongside the Continental and Mark VIII). Featuring a unique accent stripe, leather seats, wood instrument panel trim, window badging, cellular telephone, power moonroof, JBL audio system, auto electro-chromatic dimming mirror with compass, and traction assist, the Diamond Anniversary Edition included nearly every available option on the Lincoln Town Car. Cypress Edition (1996)The Cypress Edition of the Signature Series featured Cypress Gold Frost exterior paint, a two-toned leather interior, and red Cypress tree badging. Features At its 1990 redesign, the Lincoln Town Car was offered with relatively few options, with nearly all features as standard equipment. On the Signature Series, the only options were leather seat trim, a moonroof, a 10-disc CD changer, a JBL sound system, a security system, and an onboard telephone. The redesign highlighted several new features that had never been available before on the Town Car. A two-position driver's memory seat was standard on Cartier Editions (optional on Signature Series); the memory seats featured an 8-way adjustment for both seats and inflatable lumbar support. While technically a carryover feature from 1989, the Electrochromic Dimming Mirror was redesigned for the much wider rear window of the new Town Car. A number of advances were made in the safety features available for the Town Car, with ABS becoming an optional feature in 1990. Following the return of 4-wheel disc brakes to the Town Car in 1991 (for the first time since 1979), ABS became standard in 1992. Initially, the 1990 Town Car came with dual front airbags as standard equipment. However, due to a March 14, 1990 fire at the facility where the passenger airbag's propellant was produced, the passenger airbag essentially became a delete option, with a credit on the window sticker issued for the price of the missing airbag. Upon the owner's request, for the price of the issued credit, the passenger airbag would be installed once supply became available. By the beginning of the 1992 model year, all Town Cars come equipped with dual airbags from the factory. Production Safety National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) 1990 Lincoln Town Car Crash Test Ratings • Frontal Driver: == Third generation (FN145; 1998–2011) ==

The third-generation Lincoln Town Car was released for the 1998 model year, debuting at the 1997 New York International Auto Show. Alongside extensive revisions to the suspension and brakes, ).), the frame rails were hydro-formed and fully boxed for their length. The steering system was upgraded to a speed-sensitive rack and pinion design; along with reducing weight and service complexity, the design improved steering precision. To further improve road manners, multiple suspension components were changed, including aluminum front lower control arms, new front upper control arms, updated steering knuckles, and coil-over front shocks. While the solid rear axle remained, the rear shocks were relocated outboard of the frame rails. To improve braking, a quieter EBD brake booster was fitted with mechanical panic assist, optimizing front/rear brake bias; the Town Car also moved to 17-inch wheels with a high positive offset (flat-face wheels). Powertrain details The third-generation Town Car carried over the 4.6L SOHC 16-valve V8 from the previous generation. Again offered in two configurations, the engine was retuned for 205 hp (single exhaust) and 220 hp (dual exhaust) outputs. In a functional change, the coil packs previously used were replaced by a coil-on-plug ignition system. Fail-safe cooling was introduced for the V8, including a two-speed electronic radiator fan. Several engine and chassis components were relocated as part of the redesign, with the coolant reservoir moving from the passenger fender well and onto the radiator fan shroud; the power steering reservoir was moved from the driver-side fender well to the front of the engine. For 2005, the engine was fitted with electronic throttle control, moving cruise control functions to the engine computer; further electronic controls were added to the transmission (renamed the 4R70E). The 28-spline axle was replaced by an improved 31-spline unit; in a minor change, the Town Car received a heated PCV valve. The transmission underwent further internal revisions for 2006, becoming the 4R75E. All Town Cars received Flex Fuel capability for 2009, enabling them to run on E85, gasoline, or any mixture of both. Body In contrast to the exterior redesign of the Ford Crown Victoria (which adopted much of the body of the updated Mercury Grand Marquis), the 1998 Town Car was redesigned with a completely new body and interior, sharing no commonality with either its predecessor nor its divisional counterparts. Exterior Three inches shorter than its 1997 predecessor, the 1998 Town Car was gained two inches in width and an inch in height (becoming the tallest Lincoln sedan in 40 years). Breaking from the straight-edged styling used by Lincoln sedans since early 1960s, the new exterior adopted a sleeker, curved design; while retaining traditional design cues, the Town Car also derived many styling elements from the Mark VIII and the 1995 redesign of the Continental. The radiator grille was reshaped as an oval, sharing some of its waterfall design with the Lincoln Navigator (the hood ornament was deleted). Similar to the smaller Continental, the third-generation Town Car moved from a six-window to a four-window roofline, with the nearly vertical rear window of the previous generation adopting a slight curve to its profile. In a reversal from 1997, "Town Car" badging returned to the front fenders, with trim badging returning to the C-pillar. Though changed in shape, the individual taillamp design feature returned (with centered Lincoln star emblems); the filler panel between them was deleted and replaced by a large chrome surround (the license plate mount was relocated from the rear bumper to the decklid). For 2001, Lincoln introduced the extended-wheelbase Town Car L (see below). To reduce costs, 2001–2002 versions were produced by lengthening the rear door by widening the B-pillar door sheetmetal (retaining production door glass). The 2003 redesign of the Town Car brought extensive, but evolutionary changes to the exterior. To bring the design closer in line with contemporary Lincoln vehicles, the lower body was squared off, with the front fascia redesigned in the style of the Lincoln LS. While the grille was integrated into the hood, the hood ornament made its return (after a 5-year absence). In several badging changes, the Town Car badges were removed from the front fenders and the Lincoln star emblems were deleted from the taillamps; the Town Car badge returned to the decklid (for the first time since 1997). The standard-wheelbase Town Car retained the same roofline, with the Town Car L receiving redesigned rear doors (with larger quarter windows). Dependent on trim level, several models of the Town Car replaced halogen headlamps with high-intensity/HID headlamps. Following the 2003 redesign, the Town Car saw very few external changes. For 2007, the model line adopted restyled wheels. Coinciding with the relocation of production, the Town Car was offered with two designs of wheels (instead of four) from 2008 onward. Pre-facelift File:1998 Lincoln Town Car Cartier in Ivory Pearl Metallic, front left, 11-05-2023.jpg|Front File:1998 Lincoln Town Car Cartier in Ivory Pearl Metallic, rear left, 11-05-2023.jpg|Rear Facelift Lincoln Town Car -- 01-28-2010.jpg|Front 2008 Lincoln Town Car (4146954207).jpg|Rear Interior As with its predecessors, the third-generation Town Car shares few visible common components with its divisional counterparts, with the primary exceptions of the steering column and radio controls. The 50/50 split bench seat configuration used for over two decades was replaced by a 40/20/40 design; to better accommodate a third front passenger, the center section was fixed in place. The digital dashboard was retired in favor of an analog system (largely integrating the digital trip computer from the previous generation). In line with the body and chassis updates for 2003, the Town Car also saw functional changes to its interior. As a flagship option, a touch-screen navigation system is introduced, integrating the 6-disc CD changer into the radio unit (the trunk-mounted changer also remained as an option); Sirius satellite radio was added as separate option. While the previous integrated cellular phone was retired, the system was replaced with optional Bluetooth connectivity, allowing drivers to use their phone and drive undistracted. For 2005, the interior went further functional change, as the satellite navigation system was upgraded to THX sound processing for its audio system (an option shared with the Lincoln LS). The dashboard saw visible change, as the Town Car received a new steering column (shared with the Mercury Grand Marquis, featuring a wood-topped steering wheel). The key lockout for the passenger airbag was deleted (functionally replaced by a weight sensor on the front passenger seat). For 2006, the instrument cluster underwent a complete redesign (for the first time since 1998), adding a tachometer to the Town Car for the first time, combining the two digital functions of the previous design into one. Coinciding with the assembly relocation to St. Thomas, the Town Car underwent several feature changes for 2008. The DVD-based THX satellite navigation system was retired (the Lincoln LS the Town Car shared it with was discontinued after 2006); as cassette tapes were declining in use, the dual media stereo was also discontinued. In their place, the model line was standardized with the 9-speaker Audiophile system with the 6-disc in-dash CD changer. For 2009, federal safety regulations required a redesign of the window switches; subsequently, updated head restraints were introduced for 2011. For 2011, as supply ended for the model line, some units began to feature a front armrest lacking the bi-directional storage compartment. File:2001_Town_Car_Cartier_Interior.png|Dashboard (2001 Town Car Cartier) File:LTCdoorpanel.jpg|Door panel, showing seat and window controls File:LTC_interior.jpg|1998–2002 front seats (Signature Series) File:LTC_interior_rear_seat.jpg|1998–2002 rear seats (Signature Series) File:Armrest.jpg|Rear-seat center armrest File:Lincoln_Town_Car_Interior.jpg|alt=|Interior of 2006 Lincoln Town Car Signature Limited Edition Trim The third-generation Lincoln Town Car was initially produced in four trim levels: Executive Series, Signature Series, Signature Series Touring Sedan, and Cartier; trims would be re-structured several times until the end of production in 2011. The base Executive Series offered standard rear air suspension, Lincoln's SecuriLock anti-theft system, Lincoln's SmartLock anti-lockout system, automatic headlamps, heated mirrors, all-speed traction control, an electronic message center with Lincoln's "Tripminder", anti-lock brakes, leather seats with an 8-way power driver seat/6-way power passenger seat (cloth was optional for 1998, front passenger seat became 8-way power in 1999), leather-wrapped steering wheel with cruise control functions, a "Premium Sound" AM/FM/Cassette stereo with four speakers, electronic automatic temperature control (EATC), seat-mounted side airbags (1999 and newer), and 16-inch "Gear Tooth" aluminum wheels. The mid-level Signature Series added a JBL (1998 only, Alpine for 1999–2003) AM/FM/Cassette stereo, a two-driver memory function for the driver seat and mirrors, an electronic auto-dimming rear view mirror, a front passenger lumbar function, a steering wheel with redundant audio/temperature controls, and 16-inch "Snowflake" aluminum wheels. Available options included heated front seats, a 9-speaker 145-watt audio system with digital signal processing, an auto-dimming driver mirror, a power moonroof, a six-disc CD changer, a wood-trim steering wheel, an integrated cellular phone, two-tone paint, and a Premium Package which consolidated several of the above options into one option package. From 1998 until 2002, the Signature Series Touring Sedan was slotted above the Signature Series. In an attempt to draw in younger buyers who sought sportier features, it was Lincoln's counterpart to the Handling and Performance Package offered on the Crown Victoria and Grand Marquis. Touring Sedan models featured a 3.55:1 rear axle ratio for improved acceleration, a higher-stall 11.25-inch torque converter, dual exhaust, re-tuned suspension components with larger stabilizer bars and sport tuned steering, unique perforated leather seats, black birds-eye maple interior trim, an argent grille, monochromatic body-side moldings, and wider 16-inch "Chrome-Tech" wheels on touring tires. All available options, except two-tone paint, were shared with the Signature Series. The top-trim Cartier added Cartier-specific leather seat trim; the seats had Cartier logos stitched into the seat-backs and unique upholstery. Cartier insignias were also found on the interior door straps (1998–2002) and floor mats. In addition, an analog "Cartier Clock" was placed in the center of the dash above the climate controls. Moreover, heated front seats were standard. Cartier specific features also carried over to the exterior with a black "Lincoln Star" front fascia badge and a black Cartier badge on the trunk-lid. Furthermore, the Cartier received 16-inch "Cartier" chrome wheels. Like the Signature Touring Sedan, dual exhaust was standard. The Cartier shared several of its free-standing options with the Signature Series, and even offered the same Premium Package as an option. Lastly, a Gold Package was offered as optional equipment; it featured gold-color exterior badging. For 2001, the trim levels were expanded as a six-inch extended wheelbase Town Car was introduced and marketed towards livery and limousine services. To accommodate the extended wheelbase, the B-pillars were widened; this was also done to facilitate the use of the same rear door glass from the standard-wheelbase version. It was offered as both an Executive and Cartier version (named Executive L and Cartier L). According to Lincoln, the extended wheelbase offered an additional 7.8 cubic feet of passenger volume. Additionally, the Cartier L was equipped with rear illuminated vanity mirrors, heated rear seats, 4-way adjustable rear head restraints, and a center armrest that featured redundant controls for the radio, climate controls, and front passenger seat track to allow for more legroom. For 2002, the Premium Package (included a moonroof and six-disc CD changer) became a standalone trim level and was slotted above each respective trim that it was based on (Premium Signature Series, Premium Signature Touring Sedan, and Premium Cartier); it was not offered for the Executive Series or as an extended wheelbase version. For its 2003 update, the Signature Series Touring Sedan was dropped from the lineup. The "Series" suffix was also dropped from the Executive and Signature (on sales brochures, in 2004). In addition, the long-wheelbase Executive L was restricted to fleet sales. In 2004, several changes were made to the trim lineup. All Premium trims were dropped, and the standard wheelbase Executive was restricted to fleet sales. Furthermore, all iterations of the Cartier were discontinued; they were replaced by the new range-topping Ultimate/Ultimate L. The Ultimate trim was short-lived, as it was discontinued for 2005. Trim levels were once again re-structured for 2005 as the Town Car was now offered in three trim levels for retail sale: Signature, Signature L, and Signature Limited. As a replacement for the Ultimate L, the Signature L featured the same "Rear Seats Amenities Package"; it included heated rear seats, 4-way rear passenger headrests, dual rear cup holders with a tissue bin, rear seat illuminated visors, and a center armrest that featured redundant controls for the radio, climate controls, and front passenger seat track to allow for more legroom. In contrast to its fleet-sales only Executive L counterpart, the Signature L offered heated front and rear seats, a wood-trim steering wheel, as well as a DVD-based satellite navigation system (until 2008). The new top-trim Signature Limited included a Soundmark Audiophile dual-media AM/FM/CD/Cassette radio with digital signal processing, 8 speakers, a subwoofer, and a 150-watt amplifier; heated front seats; power adjustable pedals with memory; an easy entry/exit driver seat; a full power trunk lid; power moonroof; as well as a wood-trim steering wheel. Available options for the Signature Limited included HID headlamps, a THX-certified audio system with satellite navigation, a power moonroof, a trunk organizer, 17-inch fluted aluminum wheels, and two-tone paint; all optional equipment (except the moonroof) was shared with the Signature L. In 2006, a Designer series trim was introduced and slotted above the Signature Limited as the new flagship Town Car. Designer models included a Provence leather interior with two-tone door panels, adjustable rear-seat headrests, brushed aluminum scuff plates, additional chrome exterior trim, and 17-inch 18-spoke chrome-aluminum wheels. Coinciding with the shift in assembly plants, for 2008, the base Signature and top-trim Designer were permanently discontinued, leaving the Signature Limited and extended wheelbase Signature L as the sole remaining models for retail sale until the end of production in 2011; the fleet-only Executive and Executive L would also continue until 2011. Furthermore, many available options were standardized or deleted outright, leaving HID headlamps, daytime running lamps, white-wall tires, 17-inch 18-spoke chrome-aluminum wheels and a trunk organizer as the only remaining options. Special editions , Commander in Chief of the Kazakh Ground Forces, commanding a military parade on Independence Square, Astana in a 2003 Lincoln Town Car Limited EditionFrom 2003 to 2004, Lincoln offered a Limited Edition package for the Ultimate trim; it had Limited badges on the C-pillar, fog lights, heated and memory seats, as well as Arden inserts in the rims and grille. For 2005, the Limited Package was now offered on the Signature Limited with two-tone paint schemes (in addition to two-tone seats); the fog lights were also deleted from the package. Pro SeriesOffered in 2004, a special Pro-series badge was placed on the C-pillars; having the background of a golf course. This badge was stitched onto the front seats, in addition to having chrome 9-spoke rims and a two-tone color scheme. 25th Anniversary EditionLincoln commemorated the 25th anniversary of the Town Car by offering a 25th Anniversary Edition package on the 2006 Signature Limited. The package included chrome B-pillar and door handles, unique Eucalyptus wood applique and matching steering wheel with wood inserts, scuff plates with "25th Anniversary Edition" and "25th-anniversary" badging, Provence leather individual 40/20/40 lounge seating with individual comfort, shirring, contrast piping and rear seat adjustable headrests, fog lamps, and 9-spoke chrome wheels. Continental EditionOffered in 2010–11 was the Continental Edition package; available as an option only on the Signature Limited trim. The package added Continental badging, chrome 17-inch wheels, and accents to the B-pillars. On the interior, the Continental name was embroidered on the front seats and front floor mats. Safety The Lincoln Town Car was the first production sedan in the world to receive US five-star crash ratings in every category. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) 2003 Lincoln Town Car Crash Test Ratings (with side airbags) • Frontal Driver: • Frontal Passenger: • Side Impact (Driver): • Side Impact (Passenger): • Rollover: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) 1998* Lincoln Town Car Crash Test Ratings (with side air bags) • Frontal Driver: • Frontal Passenger: • Side Impact (Driver): • Side Impact (Passenger): • Rollover: N/A • Due to late airbag deployment and resultant injury risks, the Town Car was rated only "Acceptable" in the frontal offset test. Lincoln modified the deployment characteristics for the driver airbag in May 2003, which led to an improved rating of "Good" in the re-test. • Head restraints were updated for 2011, however, they were not re-tested by the IIHS. == Variants ==

Trim level timeline Livery variants Featuring a standard V8 engine, body-on-frame design, rear-wheel drive and large exterior and interior dimensions, the Town Car became popular in livery and commercial service. In commercial service, the typical Lincoln Town Car saw a life expectancy of well over 400,000 miles. Its basis on the Ford Panther chassis gave it powertrain and suspension commonality with the Mercury Grand Marquis and the Ford LTD Crown Victoria (later the Crown Victoria). This design made them durable even in the rough conditions taxi and livery cars are subjected to, and easy and cheap to repair when they did suffer damage. The Lincoln Town Car was popular as a stretch limousine donor chassis; it was the most commonly used limousine and chauffeured car in the United States and Canada. Hearses and funeral cars were also built on the Town Car chassis, through Ford's QVM program; the chassis was modified by coachbuilders for use in the funeral business, though Cadillac has always dominated in this market. File:JapaneseHearse.JPG|1981–1985 Lincoln Town Car Buddhist hearse conversion in Japan File:1982 Lincoln Funeral Coach (29562698086).jpg|1982 Lincoln Town Car hearse (customized) File:Lincoln Town Car Hearse at Cabanatuan City.jpg|2011 Lincoln Town Car hearse in Philippines File:1987 Lincoln Continental Town Car Cameo Coach (6031307760).jpg|1987 town-car style formal limousine (Brougham bodystyle) File:1989 Lincoln Town Car Limousine (26725663693).jpg|1989 stretch limousine in Minnesota File:Lincoln Town Car Stretch.JPG|1995–1997 stretch limousine (approximately 120") File:2004 Lincoln Town Car Limousine (18544474975).jpg|1995-1997 stretch limousine (non-standard; beyond 120 inches) File:98-02 Lincoln Town Car limousine.jpg|1998-2002 stretch limousine File:Lincoln Town Car Limousine.jpg|2003-2009 stretch limousine Presidential State Car A 1989 Lincoln Town Car was commissioned by United States President George H. W. Bush as the Presidential State Car of the United States to succeed the 1983 Cadillac Fleetwood used during the Ronald Reagan administration. The Presidential Town Car limousine arrived in 1989 and was the state car for the entire presidency of George H. W. Bush. It was succeeded by a 1993 Cadillac Fleetwood, used by his successor, Bill Clinton. As of 2021, the 1989 Lincoln Town Car is currently the last Lincoln vehicle to have served as a Presidential State Car. File:George H. W. Bush presidential limousine 1989.jpg|Parked at the White House File:1989 Lincoln Town Car George Bush Library.jpg|Displayed at George Bush Presidential Library Town Car L A new "L" designation was used for factory extended-wheelbase Town Cars from 2000 to 2011. The L editions offered an additional of rear-seat legroom, as well as remote access audio and climate controls mounted in the rear center armrest. Also included was a two-way travel switch for the front passenger seat base (a feature shared with the extended-wheelbase Jaguar XJ). The L designation was applied to the top-of-line Cartier (2000–2003), Ultimate (2004 only), and Signature (2005–2011) trim levels. Fleet buyers received it under the Executive L trim designation. Mechanically, Town Car L variants feature several heavy duty components shared with both the fleet-only extended wheelbase Crown Victoria as well as the Crown Victoria Police Interceptor including a heavy-duty front stabilizer bar, heavy duty front struts (2003-2011), a larger battery, as well as a heavy duty cooling system which features an auxiliary transmission and power steering cooler. For 2000–2002 versions, the "L" edition is identified by a widened B-pillar, bearing the Lincoln "star" ornament; maintaining parts commonality with the standard Town Car. The 2003-2011 "L" editions had longer rear doors, featuring wider versions of the fixed windows. File:ROC Military Police Prelude Cars Parked in Military Police School Linkou Campus 20120908.jpg|2000–2002 Lincoln Town Car Executive L converted to 4-door convertible in Taiwan (profile showing longer rear doors) used by military police File:Lincoln Town Car Cartier L.JPG|2003 Lincoln Town Car Cartier L File:Lincoln-Town-Car-Signature-L.jpg|2003–2007 Lincoln Town Car Signature L Ballistic Protection Series Starting in 2003, the Lincoln Town Car had been available featuring ballistic protection from the factory. Adding nearly $100,000 to the base price, the armored body and bulletproof glass increased the curb weight of the Town Car to nearly . Other changes included the suspension and brakes. A few dealers in the US were authorized to sell this series. Hongqi CA7460 In China, FAW produced a licensed version of the Lincoln Town Car rebadged as the Hongqi CA7460 (红旗, Red flag CA7460) and Hongqi Qijian (红旗旗舰, Flagship) from November 10, 1998 until 2005. The limousine version is currently called the Hongqi Limousine L1, L2 and L3 respectively. Pricing in 1998 was at 690,000 RMB (US$109,710) while limousines were added to the range. The L3 was introduced in 2001 and had a wheelbase of . For 2002, the L1 was introduced and had a wheelbase of and the L2 was introduced in 2003 and had the longest wheelbase out of the three with . Pricing for the limousine variant was 1,350,000 RMB (US$214,650). File:Hongqi CA7460, front quarter.jpg|The front is redesigned to follow Hongqi design style; a pair of turn signal lights are added on fenders to meet Chinese standard File:Hongqi CA7460 rear.jpg|The rear lights set is changed in order to comply with Chinese standard. == Sales ==

During the 2000s, in spite of declining sales, the Town Car remained one of the highest-selling American-brand luxury sedans. Outside of retail markets, it was the most used limousine and chauffeured car in the United States and Canada. Industry observer George Peterson said "It blows everybody’s mind that they are dropping the Town Car. Just think what Ford could do if they actually invested in a re-skin of Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis, and Town Car." Ultimately, Wixom Assembly was closed following the 2007 model year, with the production of the Town Car consolidated with the Ford Crown Victoria, Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor, and Mercury Grand Marquis in Canada at St. Thomas Assembly; Following the 2007 model year, however, the Town Car was discontinued for retail sale in Canada, available exclusively for fleet and livery customers afterward. In 2009, the fate of all three Panther-platform models was determined when Ford announced the 2011 closure of the St. Thomas Assembly Plant. For the limousine and livery markets, Ford had promised availability of the Town Car through the 2011 model year; retail sales continued on a limited basis in the United States and for export. In 2010, Ford announced the closure of the Mercury brand at the end of the year, effectively making the Town Car the final model line sold for retail sale produced by St. Thomas Assembly (retail sales of the Crown Victoria ended after 2007). On August 29, 2011, the final Town Car rolled off the assembly line, without any fanfare or announcement from Ford; St. Thomas Assembly produced its final vehicle (a 2012 Crown Victoria for export) on September 15, 2011. While Lincoln has not developed a direct successor to the model line following its 2011 discontinuation, the use of the nameplate returned for 2012, denoting a variant of the Lincoln MKT designed for limousine/livery use. The MKT was discontinued after the 2019 model year without a direct replacement, marking the final use of the Town Car name; the nameplate was in use for 49 continuous years by Lincoln (30 as a distinct model line, 11 as a sub-model of the Continental, 8 of the MKT). == Awards ==

The Town Car has received several awards and recognitions. • Forbes magazine repeatedly named the Town Car one of the best cars to be chauffeured in along with other, often more expensive flagship sedans, such as the Mercedes-Benz S-Class, BMW 7 Series and Lexus LS. The Town Car Signature L features a rear seat comfort package which not only provides rear seat passengers with audio system and rear compartment climate controls, but also features a control function which allows for the rear seat occupants to move the passenger seat forward, a feature exclusive to few ultra-luxury sedans. • In 1990, upon the introduction of the second generation Town Car, the vehicle was named Motor Trend Car of the Year. However this award was later included by Car and Driver in a list of the poorly chosen car of the year award winners. Motor Trend has changed the criteria by which it awards its highest accolade: Originally, Car of the Year awards went to the vehicle model which was the most significantly improved over the previous year's design in all respects. Currently, no such consideration is given to contenders for this award, and vehicles are considered for the award even if in their first year of production. == See also ==