Caret notation

The notation consists of a caret () followed by a single character (usually a capital letter). The character has the ASCII code equal to the control code with the bit representing 0x40 reversed. A useful mnemonic, this has the effect of rendering the control codes 1 through 26 as through . Seven ASCII control characters map outside the upper-case alphabet: 0 (NUL) is , 27 (ESC) is , 28 (FS) is , 29 (GS) is , 30 (RS) is , 31 (US) is , and 127 (DEL) is . Examples are "" for the Windows CR, LF newline pair, and describing the ANSI escape sequence to clear the screen as "". Only the use of characters in the range of 63–95 ("") is specifically allowed in the notation, but use of lower-case alphabetic characters entered at the keyboard is nearly always allowed – they are treated as equivalent to upper-case letters. When converting to a control character, except for '?', masking with 0x1F will produce the same result and also turn lower-case into the same control character as upper-case. There is no corresponding version of the caret notation for control-codes with more than 7 bits such as the C1 control characters from 128–159 (0x80–0x9F). Some programs that produce caret notation show these as backslash and octal ("" through ""). Also see the bar notation used by Acorn Computers, below. ==History==

The convention dates back to at least the PDP-6 (1964) from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) and DEC's operating system for it. A manual for the PDP-6 describes as printing ↑C, i.e., a small superscript upwards arrow before the C. In the change from 1961 ASCII to 1968 ASCII, the up arrow became a caret. The PDP-6's successor, the PDP-10, and its operating system used the same convention. Some non-DEC operating systems for PDP-10s, such as TENEX and ITS, adopted the convention as well. The same convention was used in DEC's operating systems for its PDP-11 minicomputer, such as RT-11, RSTS, and RSX-11M. Earlier versions of Unix did not use the caret convention to display non-printing control characters, although the command accepted caret notation when setting the character-erase and line-kill characters. 4BSD added a mode in which control characters are echoed using caret notation; this has been adopted by modern Unix-like systems as . ==Use in software==

Caret notation is used to describe control characters in output by many programs, especially on Unix. They can be seen when echoing characters as the user types them as input, and showing the contents of files in a text editor or with the more (command)| and Less (Unix)| commands. Many terminals and terminal emulators allow the user to enter a control character by holding down and typing the caret notation letter. Many control characters (e.g., EOT) otherwise cannot be entered directly from a keyboard. Usually, the need to hold down is avoided, for instance lower-case letters work just like upper-case ones. On a US keyboard layout produces DEL and produces ^@. It is also common for to produce ^@. This correspondence has affected shortcuts used even in modern software. For instance it might be tempting to make mean "Help" but this is the same code as so other shortcuts for Help were devised. ==Alternate notations ==

The GSTrans string processing API on the operating systems for the Acorn Atom and the BBC Micro, and on RISC OS for the Acorn Archimedes and later machines, use the vertical bar character in place of the caret. For example, (pronounced "control em", the same as for the notation) is the carriage return character, ASCII 13. is the vertical bar character code 124, is character 127 as above and adds 128 to the code of the character that follows it, so is character code . ==See also==