Catathelasma imperiale

Catathelasma imperiale was first described from Sweden in 1845 by Norwegian botanist Nicolai Lund as Agaricus imperialis, but this name is illegitimate since two earlier (and different) fungi had already been described under the same name. The species was first legitimately described, as Armillaria imperialis, by Finnish mycologist Petter Adolf Karsten in 1879. In 1922 the Austrian botanist Günther Beck von Mannagetta und Lerchenau created the new genus Biannularia for this species, making it Biannularia imperialis. In 1940, Singer transferred it to the existing genus Catathelasma, considering the two genera to be synonymous. Recent DNA research confirms this synonymy. The epithet "imperiale", meaning "imperial" refers to the (at times) imposing size of the fruit bodies. ==Description==

The fruit bodies are agaricoid with a pileus (cap) that is convex and sticky at first becoming flat or slightly depressed and dry, in diameter, orange brown to hazel brown, with darker patches. The lamellae (gills) are whitish to cream, decurrent, crowded, and sometimes forked. The stipe (stem) is compact, long, tapering to the base, often rooting and partly buried, pale brown with a double ring. The fruit body has a mealy or cucumber-like smell. The spore print is white. Microscopically, the spores are subcylindrical, often fusoid, 12.5–16.0 × 5.0–6.5 μm, smooth, and amyloid. The hyphae have clamp connections. ==Habitat and distribution==

Catathelasma imperiale is an ectomycorrhizal species, forming an association with conifers, particularly spruce. Originally described from Scandinavia, it has been recorded from most northern countries in continental Europe as far south as Italy. It has also been recorded in Asia from China, Korea, and Japan. Records from North America are uncertain, since DNA sequencing of specimens determined as "C. imperiale" have (to date) proven to belong to C. evanescens or C. ventricosum. ==Conservation==

The species is legally protected in Poland and is included in the Red Lists of 15 European countries. It is considered declining everywhere due to forest eutrophication, habitat destruction, and habitat change. Catathelasma imperiale has consequently been assessed as "near threatened" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. ==Edibility==

Although it can be discouragingly tough, ==References==