MarketCentella asiatica
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Centella asiatica

Centella asiatica, commonly known as Indian pennywort, Asiatic pennywort, spadeleaf, coinwort or gotu kola, is a herbaceous, perennial plant in the flowering plant family Apiaceae. It is native to tropical regions of Africa, Asia, Australia, and islands in the western Pacific Ocean. It is consumed as a culinary vegetable and is used in traditional medicine.

Description
The stems are slender, creeping stolons, green to reddish-green in color, connecting plants to each other. It has long-stalked, green leaves; the leaf blade has a rounded apex, a smooth texture and palmately netted veins; the leaf stalk is broadened at the base into a leaf-sheath. The rootstock consists of rhizomes, growing vertically down. They are cream in color and covered with root hairs. The flowers are white or crimson in color, born in small, rounded bunches (umbels) near the surface of the soil. Each flower is partly enclosed in two green bracts. The hermaphrodite flowers are minute in size, less than , with five to six corolla lobes per flower. Each flower bears five stamens and two styles. The fruit are densely reticulate, distinguishing it from species of Hydrocotyle which have smooth, ribbed or warty fruit. The crop matures in three months, and the whole plant, including the roots, is harvested manually. C. asiatica has numerous common names in its regions of distribution. compounds of Centella asiatica == Ecology ==
Ecology
Centella grows in temperate and tropical swampy areas in many regions of the world. Because the plant is aquatic, it is especially sensitive to biological and chemical pollutants in the water, which may be absorbed into the plant. It can be cultivated in drier soils, including sandy loam, as long as they are watered regularly enough (such as in a home garden arrangement). It is considered a highly invasive plant in a number of Pacific islands to which it has been introduced, being rated as "high risk" in this context. There is however not much data on what problems it is actually causing. It is noted as a contributor to the decline of Hawaiian sedge species Carex thunbergii and Carex echinata. It is considered invasive in: Chagos Archipelago, Seychelles, Hawaii, Lord Howe Island, French Polynesia, Marshall Islands, Niue, Norfolk Island, Solomon Islands, and Wallis and Futuna Islands. == Phytochemicals ==
Phytochemicals
C. asiatica contains pentacyclic triterpenoids and their trisaccharide glycosides. For example it contains asiatic acid and brahmic acid (madecassic acid) along with their corresponding derivatives, asiaticoside and brahmoside (madecassoside). Other constituents include centellose and centelloside. Approximately 124 chemical compounds have been isolated and identified from Centella asiatica. == Genetics ==
Genetics
C. asiatica individuals are diploid, tetraploid, or hexaploid (2n = 18/36/54). A telomere-to-telomere genome was published in 2025 along with A/B compartments annotation. C. asiatica belongs to an early-branching group under the family Apiaceae. The genomes provide insights into how C. asiatica produces secondary metabolites with alleged functions in traditional medicine. == Uses ==
Uses
Culinary In Burmese cuisine, raw pennywort is used as the main constituent in a salad mixed with onions, crushed peanuts, bean powder and seasoned with lime juice and fish sauce. Centella is used as a leafy green in Sri Lankan cuisine, being the predominantly locally available leafy green, where it is called or . It is most often prepared as , a traditional accompaniment to rice and vegetarian dishes, such as lentils, and jackfruit or pumpkin curry. It is considered nutritious. In addition to finely chopped plants, the may be eaten with grated coconut, diced shallots, lime (or lemon) juice, and sea salt. Additional ingredients are finely chopped green chilis, chili powder, turmeric powder, or chopped carrots. The Centella fruit-bearing structures are discarded from the due to their intense bitter taste. A variation of porridge known as kola kanda is also made with in Sri Lanka. or is made with well-boiled red rice with some extra liquid, coconut milk first extract, and purée. The porridge is accompanied with jaggery for sweetness. Centella leaves are also used in modern sweet pennywort drinks and herbal teas. In addition the leaves are served stir-fried whole in coconut oil, or cooked in coconut milk with garlic or . In Indonesia, the leaves are used for sambai oi peuga-ga, an Aceh type of salad, and is also mixed into asinan in Bogor. In Cambodia, Vietnam and Thailand, this leaf is used for preparing a drink or can be eaten in raw form in salads or cold rolls. In Bangkok, vendors in the Chatuchak Weekend Market sell it alongside coconut, roselle, chrysanthemum, orange and other health drinks. In Malay cuisine it is known as pegaga, and the leaves of this plant are used for ulam, a type of vegetable salad. and minor wounds, Contact dermatitis and skin irritation can result from topical application. ==Adverse effects==
Adverse effects
Reviews in 2024 indicated that consuming foods or dietary supplements containing C. asiatica may cause adverse effects, including contact dermatitis, jaundice and liver disease. There have been case reports of liver disease associated with use over multiple weeks. ==Gallery==
Gallery
File:Centella asiatica - Flickr - Kevin Thiele.jpg|Emerging flowers File:Centella asiatica - Flickr - Kevin Thiele (1).jpg|Close-up of flower File:Centella asiatica in Karnataka.jpg|Centella asiatica, India File:A patch of Centella Asiatica or pegaga in Malay..jpg|A patch of Centella asiatica or pegaga in Malay ==References==
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