Cerrejón

Cerrejón is located in Northern Colombia in the southeast of the department of the arid plain La Guajira, close to the border with Venezuela. The mine extends over and is situated in the northeastern part of the Cesar-Ranchería Basin, the basin of the Ranchería River, between the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in the west and the Serranía del Perijá to the southeast. == Prehistory ==

Cerrejón was once home to the Titanoboa (Titanoboa cerrejonensis), the largest snake ever on the planet, that dwarfed even today's anaconda and also dominated prehistoric Cerrejón, 60 million years ago along with large fish, turtles and crocodiles; with crocodiles being its main food sources. Titanoboa may have eaten the fish that roamed the waters of its home and may have preyed on them like the crocodiles, but due to the changing climate Titanoboa and the creatures that lived with it disappeared from the face of Cerrejón. == History ==

The 19th century There is controversy about the discoverer of Cerrejón mine, and some names are shuffled: the American civil engineer John May, hired by the national government, which conducted the examination in 1864; the writer Jorge Isaacs; and Mr. Juan Gomez Osío, native of La Guajira. In the 19th century small scale mining began. Cerrejón North Zone The "defunct" company Intercor (International Colombia Resources Corporation) was in its time called "The Cerrejón Zona Norte Coal Project": In December 1976, a partnership contract was signed between Carbocol S. A. (Carbones de Colombia S. A.), a state-owned firm, and Intercor (International Colombia Resources Corporation Intercor), at the time Exxon, today ExxonMobil subsidiary, to develop the north zone of Cerrejón. This contract considered three stages: exploration (1977–1980), construction (1981–1986), and production (1986–2009). In January 1999, the Colombian government extended the concession for a further 25 years, to 2034. In November 2000, the Colombian government sold its Carbocol S. A. shares (50%) in the partnership contract Cerrejón North Zone to a consortium comprising subsidiaries of BHP Billiton, Anglo American, and Glencore. In 2013, Glencore merged with Xstrata. In February 2002, this consortium acquired the remaining 50% of shares from Intercor (ExxonMobil), thereby becoming sole concessioners of the Cerrejón North Zone. In November 2002, the union of the purchased to Intercor and Carbones del Cerrejón S. A. was formalized, and the official name of the mine operator was changed to Carbones del Cerrejón Limited, Cerrejón. Cerrejón Central Zone In this zone, there are two areas under concession: • The Central Deposit (El Cerrejón community) has been in production since 1981 via contracts with different companies (a Domi Prodeco Auxini consortium, Carbones del Caribe, and others). In 1995, Glencore acquired Prodeco S. A., creating Carbones del Cerrejón S. A. and then in 1997, Anglo American became involved in the business. In 2000, BHP Billiton became the third partner. • The Oreganal Deposit (state-owned) was initially under concession to Carbones del Caribe by the national government. Then, in 1995, the concession passed to Oreganal S. A. which, in turn, ceded its shares to Carbones del Cerrejón S. A. in 1999. Patilla Area In 2001, after a public tender, this area was ceded to a consortium comprising Carbones del Cerrejón S. A. and Cerrejón Zona Norte S.A., which is currently concessioned to subsidiaries of BHP Billiton, Anglo American, and Xstrata. Cerrejón South Zone In 1997, after a tender process, the exploration and mining contract for this zone was awarded to the consortium now comprising subsidiaries of BHP Billiton, Anglo American, and Xstrata. Currently, the Cerrejón South Zone is under exploration. == Description ==

Cerrejón was at one point the tenth largest coal mine in the world and the biggest in Latin America. Production started in 1985, when the mine was operated by Carbocol, a Colombian state company and Intercor, a subsidiary of ExxonMobil. The proven reserves in 2009 were and the probable reserves . The coal is low-ash, low-sulphur bituminous coal, mined from the Paleocene Cerrejón Formation in the northeastern part (Cerrejón Sub-basin) of the Cesar-Ranchería Basin. The coal seams reach a thickness of . The total production in 2016 was . == Operator ==

As of 2017 Cerrejón was owned in equal parts by subsidiaries of three international mining companies BHP, Anglo American and Glencore. These three companies sell the coal through their business named CMC, headquartered in Dublin. The mine produces over of thermal coal a year and has estimated reserves of over . From 1985 to 2011, it produced 508.8 million tonnes of coal and generated US$2,006 million in royalties. In 2011 alone, sales generated US$336.60 million for the country as a whole and the region of La Guajira. By the end of 2011, it had reached a historical production figure of 32.03 million tonnes to the following markets: Europe (58%), the Mediterranean and Asia (21%), Central and South America (12%), and North America (9%). These external sales represent 40% of Colombia's coal sales and 4.6% of global coal sales. == Integrated operation ==

The open-pit coal mine has maintenance workshops of over . Workforce Carbones del Cerrejón's directly employed 5,373 workers (62% from La Guajira, 28% from other parts of the Caribbean coast, and 10% from the rest of the country). In addition, a further 4,497 workers are employed indirectly through contractor firms for the operation. Mushaisa Residential Unit offers complete infrastructure for housing, commercial shops, and services for 2,200 residents, 297 houses, 430 apartments, and a hotel for over 200 people. Albania School is a bilingual school with a very high ICFES ranking at 23 out of 12,273 educational institutions in the country. Mining fleet Carbones del Cerrejón has a mining fleet comprising 493 pieces of equipment: 258 trucks with a load capacity of 190, 240, and 320 tonnes, 50 hydraulic shovels, and 185 pieces of auxiliary equipment. A truck can haul a load equivalent to approximately 10 tractor trailers. In Colombia, a tractor trailer hauls 30 to 35 tonnes. A P&H 2800XPC shovel has a load capacity equivalent to the weight of 40 automobiles, that is, approximately 63.5 tonnes. A PC8000 shovel can manage a load equivalent to 50 automobiles, about . Railway The integrated railway line is long. Each train can haul 109 freight wagons, each of which can carry of coal. The Tren del Cerrejón connects the mine with Puerto Bolívar Port Puerto Bolívar is the largest coal-export port in Latin America with covered conveyor belts and a direct-loading system since 1985, receives vessels of up to . The Puerto Bolívar shipping terminal loads bulk carrier ships of up to . The port also has a supply dock for ships of up to 70,000 tonnes which is used to supply machinery, spare parts, fuel, and other goods for the mining operation. The navigable channel is deep, wide, and . It is one of the largest coal maritime ports in South America with clean technology. Airports of runway; Mine: . Mine-Puerto Bolívar Motorway. A motorway long for operational support and access for the population of La Guajira since 1982. It links the southern part of the department with the northern part. == Extraction process ==

The extraction process begins with the identification and relocation of wildlife in the area slated for intervention. Then the land is cleared and the topsoil is removed and stored in soil banks for the future reclamation of areas intervened by the mining operation. Subsequently, the area is drilled and explosives inserted for blasting so the hydraulic shovels can remove the overburden. This waste rock is loaded on 240-tonne and 320-tonne trucks and deposited in waste rock dump sites. Once the coal seams are exposed, the tractors pile up the coal and it is loaded onto 190-tonne trucks. The coal is taken to one of two crushing plants and piled in accordance with its quality and caloric value. The plant crushes the coal, and transports it via conveyor belt to the silos for loading in rail cars. The train travels 150 kilometres to Puerto Bolívar. At the unloading station, the train unloads the coal and conveyor belts transport it to the three stacker-reclaimers, which unload it to storage piles. It is later reclaimed and sent to the linear ship-loader, which places it in the holds of coal ships. == Environmental and human rights concerns - Environmental Racism ==

In the ten years leading up to 2011, mining has been related to human rights violations related to environmental issues in Colombia. In June 2020, lawyers for the local Wayuu community lodged a request to the United Nations special rapporteur for human rights and the environment for work to be immediately halted over environmental and human rights concerns. Beyond human rights concerns, the El Cerrejón mine in Colombia experiences environmental racism. The Human Rights Council 2022 report reveals that the systematic projects targeting marginalized communities are rooted in racism, discrimination, colonialism, patriarchy, impunity, and political systems that systematically ignore human rights. This concept is essential to understanding the forced displacement of Afro-Colombian and Indigenous Wayuu communities experienced since the beginning of the El Cerrejón project. Prioritizing economic maximization over the protection of local communities (their health and voice in legal systems that might offer asymmetric compensations) goes beyond a simple human rights issue. Existing research focused on environmental justice clearly connotes these issues. == See also ==