at
Shravanabelagola During the each motion of the half-cycle of the wheel of time, 63 Salakapurusa or 63 illustrious men, consisting of the 12 Chakravartin regularly appear •
Bharata, son of
Tirthankara Rishabhanatha •
Sagara, ancestor of
Bhagiratha as in the
Puranas • Maghava
Notes on selected Jain Chakravartins Harisena is named in Jain universal history as the tenth of the twelve Cakravartins of the present
avasarpiṇī. In Jain tradition,
Gunabhadra's Uttarapurana places him in the tīrtha of
Munisuvratanatha and describes his acquisition of the Cakravartin jewels and treasures, his digvijaya (six parts of
Baharat-Shetra), and his later renunciation after seeing a lunar eclipse, which served as a reminder of the transience of worldly glory. He gave the kingdom to his son Mahasena, accepted ascetic discipline under the monk Srinaga. After a life of rigorous penance, he was reborn in
Sarvarthasiddhi, the highest of the five
Anuttara heavens in Jain cosmology.
The 14 Ratnas of a Chakravartin In
Jainism, a
Chakravartin Samrat is characterized by his possession of 14
ratnas (jewels), which serve as symbols of his universal sovereignty. The concept of these 14 attributes is rooted in the
Upāṅga Āgamas, the secondary canon of Jainism traditionally dated to the 4th century BCE. These jewels were later systematically described and codified in the 12th-century cosmological text
Bṛhat-saṁgrahaṇī (also known as the
Sangrahani Ratna), written by the Jain monk Chandrasuri c. 1114 CE. The 14 jewels are divided into two categories: seven inanimate (one-sensed) objects and seven animate (five-sensed) beings.
Seven Inanimate Jewels (Eka-indriya) •
Chakra-ratna: A miraculous diamond-serrated discus that never misses its target; it precedes the monarch’s army during his world-conquering expedition (
digvijaya). •
Chhatra-ratna: A divine imperial umbrella that symbolizes universal protection and sovereignty. •
Asi-ratna: A divine, invincible sword representing the monarch's military power. •
Danda-ratna: A magic staff used to level uneven ground and clear paths through forests or obstacles. •
Mani-ratna: A divine wish-fulfilling jewel that emits
immense light, capable of dispelling darkness for miles. •
Kakini-ratna: A divine jewel or cowrie that produces
immense wealth and is used by the monarch to mark his boundaries. •
Charma-ratna: A miraculous skin or shield that can expand to cover a
huge army or serve as a bridge over water.
Seven Animate Jewels (Pancha-indriya) •
Stri-ratna: The Empress (Queen consort), who embodies ideal beauty, virtue, and wisdom. •
Gaja-ratna: A divine celestial elephant, representing the vanguard of the monarch's
huge army of elephants. •
Ashva-ratna: A divine horse of great speed, representing the monarch's
huge army of cavalry. •
Vardhaki-ratna: A master architect or carpenter capable of building cities, palaces, and tunnels instantaneously. •
Senapati-ratna: A supreme general who commands the
huge army and
war-chariots. •
Grihapati-ratna: A master of the household or treasurer who manages the Emperor's vast wealth and granaries. •
Purohita-ratna: A high priest or spiritual advisor who guides the monarch in administrative and religious matters. ==Buddhism==