Chandipura virus

Chandipura virus was named after the village it was first identified in,Chandipura village in Maharashtra state, India during an outbreak of encephalitis in 1965. ==Virology==

Chandipura virus is an enveloped (-)ssRNA virus with an approximate genome length of ~11 kb. Viral genome codes for five polypeptides, namely, nucleocapsid protein N, phosphoprotein P, matrix protein M, glycoprotein G and large protein L in five monocistronic mRNAs. N protein encapsidates genome RNA into a nuclease-resistant form to protect in from cellular RNAse function. L and P protein together form viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase; where catalytic functions for RNA polymerization, capping and poly-A polymerase reside within the L protein and P acts as a transcriptional activator. Matrix protein glues the encapsidated genome RNA, also known as nucleocapsid, with the outer membrane envelope. G protein spikes out of the membrane and acts as a major antigenic determinant. The viral life cycle is cytosolic. During transcription, viral polymerase synthesizes five discrete mRNAs and obeys to stop signals present at the gene boundaries. Accumulation of adequate amounts of viral proteins within infected cells through viral transcription and subsequent translation potentiate the onset of viral replicative cycle. In this phase, some L protein acts as a replicase and ignore the gene junctions to generate a polycistronic anti-genomic analogue that acts as a template for further rounds of replication to generate many more copies of the genome RNA. This progeny genome RNA upon packaging by viral proteins bud out as mature virus particles. As of 2007, the precise mechanism underlying the switch in polymerase function during viral replication remained unknown. ==Epidemiology==

Chandipura virus is transmitted by sandflies, mosquitoes, and ticks. Human-to-human transmission is not known to occur. Geographically, Chandipura virus human infections so far have been described only in central India; however WHO suspects it could be found in other Asian or African countries, as CHPV has been isolated from wild sandflies in Africa. The presence of the virus in Africa indicates a wide distribution. Past outbreaks occurred during extremely high ambient temperatures of 36–49 °C. The 2024 outbreak correlates with exceptional rains and 2024 India floods where pools of water are breeding grounds for the insect vector, and lack of sanitation, lack of waste management or open sewerage. ==Infection==

Signs and symptoms Symptoms of Chandipura virus infection typically include fever, muscle aches and headache. A high seroprevalence of neutralising antibodies in the healthy population has been found. Therefore most infections must be subclinical or mild. The lowest seroprevalence in the healthy population was in children under five (44%), 76% in those over five, and 97% in adults. The case-fatality rate of untreated encephalitis syndrome is 56–75%, Prevention and treatment No specific treatment or vaccine is available for Chandipura virus infection, so management focuses on supportive care and prevention measures such as mosquito control. ==Outbreaks==

Between June and August 2003, 329 children contracted the virus, and 183 died in Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra states of India. Further sporadic cases and deaths in children were observed in Gujarat state in 2004. In 2009, there were 52 positive cases, and 15 fatalities I n Maharashtra. In 2010, there were 50 positive cases and 16 fatalities in an outbreak in Gujarat in Kheda District, Vadodara District, and Panchmahal District. Between 2009 and 2011, there were 110 positive cases, and 3 fatalities. Sandfly bites were blamed for the outbreak, as they inhabit cracks in walls or parts of homes made of sand or mud. Sporadic cases appeared in Gujarat in 2014 and 2016. In 2016, a girl from Ahmedabad succumbed to the virus. In 2019, another girl from Bhayli, Vadodara succumbed to the virus. In July 2024, the so far largest outbreak occurred, particularly affecting children in Sabarkantha district of Gujarat. The outbreak raised public health concerns due to the rapid spread and the severity of symptoms observed. At the end of July, 38 deaths caused by the virus were confirmed, and there remains a speculative death toll of 48. == References ==