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Chaophraya Aphaiphubet (Baen)

Chaophraya Aphaiphubet (Baen) (Thai: เจ้าพระยาอภัยภูเบศร (แบน), Khmer: ចៅពញាអភ័យធីបែស បែន, ?–November 1809), also known as Chauvea Tolaha Ben (Khmer: ចៅហ្វាទឡ្ហៈបែន) or Chaofa Talaha (Baen) (Thai: เจ้าฟ้าทะละหะ (แบน)) or Chau Hua Pen (Khmer: ចៅហ្វ៊ាបែន), was the Regent of Cambodia during the minority of the Cambodian king Ang Eng under Siam's influences and eventually became the first of the line of Siam-appointed governors of Battambang or Phra Tabong. He was known in Vietnamese texts as Chiêu Thùy Biện (昭錘卞). He is officially regarded as the founder of House of Abhaiwongse.

Serving King Ang Non
Baen was a Cambodian noble with the title Oknya Yomreach (, Thai counterpart of this title was Phraya Yommarat ). Oknya Yomreach Pen or Baen was the Cambodian Minister of Justice in the reign of the pro-Siamese Cambodian king Ang Non. According to Battambang Samay Lok Mchas or "Battambang during the time of Lord Governor" by Tauch Chhoung, published in 1974, Baen originated from Treang in modern Takeo Province. Baen served Prince Ang Non. He probably accompanied Ang Non during political flight from Cambodia to Ayutthaya in 1758 and followed King Ang Non, who, in turn, followed Phraya Tak the Chinese–Siamese mandarin, breaking through the Burmese siege out of Ayutthaya in 1767. Phraya Tak later became King Taksin of the Siamese Thonburi kingdom. Siamese Invasion of Cambodia: 1771–1773 King Taksin sent Siamese forces under Phraya Yommarat Thongduang (Rama I) to invade Cambodia in 1771 to bring Ang Non, the pro-Siamese contender, to the Cambodian throne. The incumbent pro-Vietnamese Cambodian king Ang Ton fled to Saigon, requesting aid from the Nguyen Lord of Cochinchina Nguyễn Phúc Thuần, who sent Vietnamese forces to repel the Siamese and restore Ang Ton in 1772. When the Siamese retreated from Cambodia in 1773, Ang Non and presumably Baen took position at Kampot in Southwestern Cambodia in resistance against Ang Ton. In 1771, the three Tây Sơn brothers arose against the Nguyen Lord regime, killing the Nguyen Lord Nguyễn Phúc Thuần in 1777. made his own bid for power by bringing in Vietnamese armies under Đỗ Thanh Nhơn to seize power in Oudong the Cambodian royal capital, murdering all four sons of Ang Non and placing the seven-year-old king Ang Eng as King of Cambodia. Tolaha Mou and Decho Ten captured King Ang Non in battle and had Ang Non drowned to death in Boeng Khayong Pond in September 1779. Even though the separate insurrections of Tolaha Mou and Vibolreach Sous were unrelated, they achieved the common goal of overthrowing King Ang Non and they formed an uneasy alliance under the reign of the new young king Ang Eng. Oknha Yomreach Pen or Baen, even though in the pro-Siamese camp of King Ang Non, was spared from death due to Baen being a 'sworn friend' of Vibolreach Sous, who was elevated to the position of Kralahom or Minister of Navy, becoming Oknha Kralahom Sous (). Chauvea Tolaha Mou spared Yomreach Baen but also putting Baen under political house arrest at Kampong Svay, where his brother Oknha Decho Ten was the governor. == Political exile in Siam ==
Political exile in Siam
Imprisonment in Thonburi King Taksin of Thonburi, the King of Siam, was very upset at the murder of King Ang Non at the hands of Tolaha Mou because King Ang Non, formerly Prince Ang Non, was a close companion of Taksin from the time before their ascensions to Cambodian and Siamese thrones. Taksin blamed Oknha Yomreach Baen or his inaction as Baen had not done enough to protect Ang Non. By that time, there was another Cambodian official Preah Angkev Duong in hostage in Thonburi, the Siamese royal capital. Taksin sent Preah Angkev Duong to Kampong Svay, demanding for Oknha Yomreach Baen to go to Thonburi to face punishments from Taksin. Tolaha Mou and Decho Ten, who had no ties with Yomreach Baen whatsoever, delivered Yomreach Baen to Thonburi. At Thonburi, Baen was reportedly canned with wooden strokes, his ear pinnae partially cut off, imprisoned but Chaophraya Chakri Thongduang, the Chief Minister of Thonburi, intervened to have Baen pardoned and released. Baen then became a loyal subordinate of Chakri. Siamese Invasion of Cambodia: 1781–1782 Seeking vengeance for murder of King Ang Non at the hands of Tolaha Mou and the Vietnamese, King Taksin sent out Siamese armies of 20,000 men to invade Cambodia in three directions into Siemreap, Battambang and Kampong Svay in December 1781, intending to punish Tolaha Mou and to install his own son Prince Inthraphithak as the King of Cambodia. Chaophraya Chakri Thongduang and Chaophraya Surasi led Siamese armies to invade Cambodia, taking commanding position at Siemreap. Baen was assigned to lead a Cambodian regiment under Siam to support Prince Inthraphithak as vanguard to attack Oudong, the Cambodian royal capital. Chauvea Tolaha Mou took defensive position at Kampong Luong just north of Oudong, while Oknha Kralahom Sous led Cambodian riparian fleet into Tonle Sap to defend against the invading Siamese. Nguyễn Phúc Ánh the Nguyen Lord of Cochinchina to send Vietnamese armies under the Nguyễn Hữu Thụy to counter this Siamese invasion of Cambodia. Yomreach Baen, serving under Siam, led the army of Prince Inthraphithak, son of King Taksin, marching from Siemreap all the way through Battambang and Baribour, approaching Oudong. Nguyễn Hữu Thụy the Vietnamese commander took position at Chroy Changvar, commanding Oknha Yomreach Peang to defend against the Siamese at Kaoh Chen, opposite of Longvek on Tonle Sap River. Yomreach Baen's Cambodian–Siamese forces engaged with Cambodian–Vietnamese forces of Yomreach Peang at Peam Chumnik Political disruption at Thonburi compelled Chakri to halt his Cambodian campaign, reaching a truce with the Vietnamese and returned to Thonburi. This Siamese invasion of Cambodia was thus cut short by instability at home. When Chaophraya Chakri had taken control of Thonburi, in April 1782, Chaophraya Surasi commanded Baen to surround Prince Inthraphithak with his own Cambodian forces to keep Inthraphithak uninformed about events in Thonburi. Inthraphithak, unaware that his father King Taksin had been executed and the regime had changed, sent a complaint to Thonburi, saying that Baen had turned rebellious and his Cambodian men were surrounding him. Inthraphithak broke free from Baen's encirclement and realized the situation. Inthraphithak was eventually captured and executed at Thonburi. == Struggle in Cambodia ==
Struggle in Cambodia
First attempt to seize power in Cambodia Chaophraya Chakri ascended as King Rama I in 1782, founding the Chakri dynasty. Baen had instrumental role in the ascension of the king. Formerly a Cambodian minister, Baen then became a loyal aide of the Siamese king. Meanwhile, in Cambodia, Oknha Kralahom Sous had declared himself Samdech Chauponhea or Second Chief Minister, second only to the Chauvea Tolaha himself. Uneasy pact between Chauvea Tolaha Mou and Samdech Chauponhea Sous began to crumble. Sous decided to get rid of Tolaha Mou altogether. Sous sent a secret letter to his 'sworn friend' Yomreach Baen at Bangkok, asking Baen to join him in Cambodia to overthrow the rule of Tolaha Mou. Yomreach Baen told King Rama I of Siam about this secret letter from his friend in Cambodia. The Siamese king saw this as an opportunity to expand Siamese influence into Cambodia. King Rama allowed Baen to bring forces into Cambodia to seize power. Samdech Chauponhea Sous personally waited for Baen at Battambang as escorted Baen to Oudong, where they conspired to overthrow Tolaha Mou the Cambodian Prime Minister. Sous and Baen led forces to capture Tolaha Mou, who fled to Bassac (Ba Thắc, in modern Sóc Trăng province at the mouth Bassac River) but the Cambodian governor of Bassac arrested Tolaha Mou and sent him back to Oudong, where Tolaha Mou was executed in October 1782. Pact of these 'sworn friends' Sous and Baen in Cambodia lasted only for two months until Baen eventually murdered Sous in December 1782, taking all power to himself. Baen declared himself Chauvea Tolaha or Prime Minister of Cambodia, also allying with Oknha Kralahom Pok the caretaker of young king Ang Eng. The ten-year-old king Ang Eng had been a powerless puppet king since his ascension in 1779 while his powerful ministers vied for power in Cambodia. Oknha Decho Ten, governor of Kampong Svay and brother of Tolaha Mou, was still standing against Baen at Kampong Svay. When Yomreach Baen sent his forces under Oknha Chakrey Kep to attack Kampong Svay, the Chams of Tbong Khmum, under leadership of a Cham official Tuan Set the Cambodian royal capital. In Bangkok, King Rama I assigned a residence for the Cambodian king Ang Eng at Sanam Kraboe or Buffalo Meadows under his command to join this campaign. Baen was also assigned to bring his Cambodian forces from Battambang to join the main Siamese forces at Bassac (in modern Sóc Trăng province) to conquer Saigon. However, the campaign ended up with the Siamese defeat by the Tây Sơn in the Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút in January 1785. Aphaiphubet himself could only march to Longvek where he was defeated and pushed back by the Tây Sơn forces. War with Tây Sơn These Tây Sơn victories allowed the Tây Sơn to exert control over the eastern half of Cambodia, while the western half was under the pro-Siamese agent Chaophraya Aphaiphubet Baen. When the young Cambodian king Ang Eng was staying at Wang Chao Khamen palace in Bangkok, there was no king in Cambodia. Cambodia was divided into two halves, with the eastern half under the rule of Chauvea Tolaha Ten, formerly Oknha Decho Ten, at Oudong with support from the Tây Sơn and the western half under Chaophraya Aphaiphubet Baen, who also claimed to be Chauvea Tolaha, at Battambang. There were two Cambodian courts under two Regents of Cambodia with competing claims, each with their own set of Oknha officials, each in Battambang and in Oudong, each supported by Siam and Tây Sơn. Baen had been in control of Battambang and Northwestern Cambodia since 1783. Cambodian chronicles stated that two Vietnamese Tây Sơn officials named Ong Chor Ma and Ong Thung Binh came to exert power in Cambodia. In 1785, the Tây Sơn sent Oknha Yomreach Koy to attack Battambang. Baen defended Battambang. Oknha Yomreach Koy was shot dead in battle. Conflicts between Tây Sơn leaders Nguyễn Nhạc and Nguyễn Huệ weakened Tây Sơn power in Southern Vietnam. After four years of political refuge and exile in Bangkok, Nguyễn Phúc Ánh brought his fleet to successfully gain foothold in Cochinchina or Southern Vietnam in 1788. Chaophraya Aphaiphubet Baen took this opportunity to make his own moves against his rival, the Tây Sơn-backed Chauvea Tolaha Ten. In 1788, Baen sent his two commanders Oknha Chakrey Kep and Oknha Yomreach Kan to successfully seize Oudong, prompting Chauvea Tolaha Ten to flee to Saigon under protection of Phạm Văn Tham, the Tây Sơn leader at Saigon. Chakrey Kep and Yomreach Kan pursued Tolaha Ten towards the Mekong Delta to Saigon. Cambodian and Thai chronicles stated that when Nguyễn Phúc Ánh reached Prek Thleang, Ong Choc Sim (presumably Phạm Văn Tham) came out to attack Nguyễn Phúc Ánh. Oknha Chakrey Kep and Oknha Yomreach Kan led Baen's Cambodian armies to help Nguyễn Phúc Ánh at Prek Thleang, allowing Nguyễn Phúc Ánh to prevail over Phạm Văn Tham. Nguyễn Phúc Ánh captured Saigon in September 1788. Ong Choc Sim or Phạm Văn Tham and Chauvea Tolaha Ten fled from Saigon to Bassac (Ba Thắc). Oknha Chakrey Kep joined Nguyễn Phúc Ánh in their attack on Bassac, resulting in the surrender of Phạm Văn Tham. Eventually, Oknha Chakrey Kep captured Chauvea Tolaha Ten in February 1790. Tolaha Ten and other pro-Tây Sơn Cambodian officials were arrested and brought to Baen at Battambang. Baen executed many of the Tây Sơn-aligned Cambodian officials but chose to spare Tolaha Ten and sent Tolaha Ten to Bangkok, where Ten was again spared by the Siamese King Rama. With the pro-Siamese Chaophraya Aphaiphubet Baen prevailing over the pro-Tây Sơn Chauvea Tolaha Ten in 1790, Cambodia was united under Baen, bringing Cambodia into Siamese influence. == Regent of Cambodia ==
Regent of Cambodia
Eventually, in 1790, Chaophraya Aphaiphubet Baen managed to bring forces to seize power at Oudong and took control of Cambodia, ousting Chauvea Tolaha Ten, who was taken as prisoner to Bangkok. Baen's victory in Cambodia in 1790 put Cambodia under Siamese influence. Cambodian nobles beseeched the Siamese King Rama I to allow the young king Ang Eng to return to Cambodia to rule urging both of them to cooperate. In 1791, the Siamese king Rama I ordered Chaophraya Aphaiphubet Baen to bring 10,000 Cambodian men from Cambodia to dig a canal near Wat Saket temple. Next year, in 1792, King Rama I constructed a new larger, grander palace for Cambodian King Ang Eng called Wang Chao Khamen or "Cambodian Prince Palace" near Wat Saket temple in the southeastern perimeter outside of Bangkok's city moat in modern Ban Bat, Pomprap Sattruphai district of Bangkok. == Governor of Battambang ==
Governor of Battambang
Becoming Governor of Battambang Chaophraya Aphaiphubet Baen was appointed by Siamese king Rama I as the Siam-aligned Regent of Cambodia in 1783 but could only actually assume power in Cambodia when he defeated his rival Chauvea Tohala Ten in 1790. For four years, during 1790–1794, from Oudong, Chaophraya Aphaiphubet Baen administered Cambodia on behalf of the young Cambodian king Ang Eng who was kept as hostage at Wang Chao Khamen in Bangkok and also on behalf of the Siamese king Rama. In 1794, when Ang Eng was twenty-two years old, King Rama I of Siam decided to allow or Preah Noreay Reacheathireach Though Tolaha Pok received this Vietnamese mission with pomp, the mission was diplomatically dangerous in regard to the opinion of Siam. This Vietnamese visit prompted Tolaha Pok to bring the two eldest princes Ang Chan (sixteen years old) and Ang Sngoun (thirteen years old) from Oudong to Bangkok in December 1805 to urge the Siamese king Rama I to enthrone a new King of Cambodia. However, Pok fell ill and died at Bangkok in July 1806. King Rama I of Siam then enthroned Prince Ang Chan, eldest son of the deceased king Ang Eng, as the new king of Cambodia with the regnal name Somdet Phra Uthairacha or Preah Outey Reacheathireach in August 1806. The new king Ang Chan of Cambodia returned to Oudong in late August 1806. Shortly after, in September 1806, Chaophraya Aphaiphubet Baen the Siam-appointed governor of Battambang personally brought his daughter Tep and his another son Ma from Battambang to Oudong. Baen presented his son Ma to enter the Cambodian officialdom, serving King Ang Eng, while also presenting his daughter Tep as a consort for King Ang Chan. Baen sent his two sons, Ros and Ma, to enter the service of both Bangkok and Oudong, balancing political opportunities. Baen stayed at Oudong for six months and returned to Battambang in March 1807. Tep, daughter of Baen, would later became Neak Neang Tep, a consort of King Ang Chan. In December 1808, King Ang Chan traveled from Oudong to Bangkok to pay a visit to the Siamese king. On his journey, Ang Chan left his consort Tep, whose late pregnancy made her unsuitable for journey, at Battambang with her father Chaophraya Aphaiphubet Baen and her mother Neak Tey. At Battambang, Consort Tep gave birth to King Ang Chan's oldest child and oldest daughter, Princess Ang Ben or Ang Pen, in April 1809. When the Cambodian King Ang Chan was enthroned by the Siamese king in 1806, Gia Long also sent a seal of investiture as "King of Cambodia" to Ang Chan in 1807. Early in his reign, Ang Chan found himself with little power, as his court was mostly dominated by the pro-Siamese ministers. Also due to his personal experiences with the Siamese court in Bangkok, Ang Chan became weary of Siamese influence in Cambodia and began to seek out for the Vietnamese Emperor Gia Long for Vietnamese assistance to counter or even topple Siamese domination of Cambodia. King Rama I of Siam died in September 1809, succeeded by his son King Rama II. Chaophraya Aphaiphubet Baen the first Siam-appointed governor of Battambang also died in November 1809, about two months after the death of the Siamese king. ==Family==
Family
• Sons: • Phraya Aphaiphubet (Ros): 3rd governor of Battambang • Phra Ang Kaew (Ma): official of Cambodian court • Phra Narintharaborirak (Um): official of Battambang • Phra Yokrabat (Dom): official of Battambang • Luang Muang (Maw): official of Battambang • Luang Sachakhom: official of Muang Tanod, subordinate town of Battambang • Kong • Ket • Daughters: • Mom Yu: married a member of Siamese royal family • Naek Thep () : concubine of Ang Chan II; also mother of Princess Ang Baen • Mee () • Pok () • Paen () • Nuam () • Mied () • Kaew () == Legacy ==
Legacy
Cambodian dynastic conflict of 1811–1813 At the death of Chaophraya Aphaiphubet Baen the first Siam-appointed governor of Battambang in November 1809, the new Siamese king Rama II appointed another pro-Siamese Cambodian official in service of Baen called Vibolreach Ben as the new governor of Battambang or Phra Tabong with the title of Phraya Aphaiphubet (). Subsequent Siam-appointed governors of Battambang received the inferior rank of Phraya rather than Chaophraya. On the same occasion, Ros, son of Baen, who had been serving in Siamese officialdom, was appointed with the title Phra Wisetsunthon in 1837. Lacking male candidates, Trương Minh Giảng sent a secret letter to Ang Em at Battambang, Execution of Princess Ang Pen and exile of other Cambodian princesses and Oknhas caused the Cambodians, who were dissatisfied with Vietnamese rule, to generally arose in 1840. With Cambodia in general uprising against Vietnam, in November 1840, King Rama III sent LaoNorthern Khmer–Siamese multiethnic forces of 20,000 men under Bodindecha from Battambang to reclaim Cambodia. Death of the Vietnamese Emperor Minh Mạng in 1841 prompted the Vietnamese to retreat from Cambodia. Losing Cambodia, Trương Minh Giảng committed suicide. Chaophraya Bodindecha installed Ang Duong as Siam-backed candidate at Phnom Penh and sent Cambodian–Siamese forces under Chaophraya Yommarat Bunnak, joined by Preah Angkeo Ma (son of Chaophraya Aphaiphubet) and Ang Duong himself, to attack Southern Vietnam, leading to the Battle of Châu Đốc in April 1842, in which the Siamese suffered heavy defeat. Preah Angkeo Ma was killed in this battle along with nine other pro-Siamese Cambodian Oknhas and 1,200 soldiers. ==See also==
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