Russian Empire The region was incorporated into the
Russian Empire in 1810–1859. In 1810 a treaty facilitated Ingushetia's further integration into Russia. The Ingush needed an alliance with the Russians to protect their villages; at the same time, they hoped to gain political support in opposing the expansion of the
Kabardian and Aksai princes. Finally, these agreements contributed to Ingushetia's economic development in the spread context of
capitalist relations. The agreement of 23 August 1810 gave the Ingush the right to use the lands on the right side of the
Terek River. In 1859 historical
Chechnya was annexed to Russia as well, in the context of the long
Caucasian War of 1817–64.
Soviet period After the
Russian Revolution of 1917, on 20 January 1921, Chechnya and Ingushetia joined the
Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Partition of the Mountain ASSR began shortly after it was formed. On the advice of
Anastas Mikoyan, the ASSR's Chechen District was separated on 30 November 1922, as the
Chechen Autonomous Oblast. On 7 July 1924, the remains of the Mountain ASSR were split into
North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast and
Ingush Autonomous Oblast. On 15 January 1934, Chechen and Ingush Autonomous Oblasts were joined into
Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Oblast, which was elevated in status to that of an ASSR (
Checheno-Ingush ASSR) on 5 December 1936.
World War II During
World War II, in 1942–43, the republic was partly occupied by
Nazi Germany while 40,000 Chechens fought in the
Red Army. On 7 March 1944, on the orders of
Stalin, the republic was disbanded and its
population forcibly deported upon the accusations of
collaboration with the
Axis powers and
separatism. The territory of the ASSR was divided between
Stavropol Krai (where
Grozny Oblast was formed), the
Dagestan ASSR, the
North Ossetian ASSR, and the
Georgian SSR where the extra territory was known as the Akhalkhevi District until 1957.
Khrushchev Thaw During the
Thaw period, Mikoyan advised
Nikita Khrushchev on a policy that allowed the deportees and their families to return to Checheno-Ingushetia. On 9 January 1957, the ASSR was officially restored.
The collapse of Checheno-Ingushetia On 27 November 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic adopted a declaration on the state sovereignty of the Checheno-Ingush Republic, and on 24 May 1991, according to the amendments to Art. 71 of the Constitution of the RSFSR, the autonomous republic began to be called the
Checheno-Ingush SSR. This decision before the dissolution of the USSR (December 1991) was not consistent with Art. 85 of the Constitution of the USSR, which retained the name of the
Checheno-Ingush ASSR. On 8 June 1991, at the initiative of
Dzhokhar Dudayev, a part of the delegates of the First Chechen National Congress gathered in Grozny, which proclaimed itself the
All-National Congress of the Chechen People (OKChN). Following this, was proclaimed the
Chechen Republic (Nokhchi-cho), and the leaders of the Supreme Soviet of the republic were declared "usurpers". On 15 September, the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR
Ruslan Khasbulatov arrived in Grozny. the last session of the Supreme Soviet of the republic was held, at which the deputies decided to dissolve the parliament. then up to 9. On 27 October 1991, under the control of supporters of the OKChN The results of the elections were not recognized by the Council of Ministers of Checheno-Ingushetia, heads of enterprises and departments, heads of a number of regions of the autonomous republic. The structures of previous power remained for several months after the September coup of Dudayev. Thus, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the KGB of Checheno-Ingushetia were abolished only by the end of 1991. On 7 November, the President of the RSFSR Boris Yeltsin issued a decree declaring a state of emergency on the territory of Checheno-Ingushetia. However, practical measures to implement it have failed. Two planes with special forces that landed at the airfield in Khankala were blocked by Chechen separatists. Leaders of anti-Dudayev parties and movements went over to the side of Chechen separatists. The Provisional Supreme Council of Checheno-Ingushetia and its militia disintegrated in the first days of the crisis. 30 November – 1 December 1991 in three Ingush regions of Checheno-Ingushetia – Malgobek, Nazran and Sunzhensky – a referendum was held on the creation of the Ingush Republic within the RSFSR. 75% of the Ingush population took part in the referendum, 90% were in favor. On 4 June 1992, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation adopted the Law on the Education of the Ingush Republic. The creation of the republic was submitted for approval by the supreme authority of Russia – the Congress of People's Deputies. On 10 December 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia approved the formation of the Ingush Republic by its resolution and made a corresponding amendment to the
Constitution of the RSFSR 1978, which officially divided the Checheno-Ingush Republic into the
Ingush Republic and the
Chechen Republic. This amendment was published on 29 December 1992, in the "
Rossiyskaya Gazeta" and entered into force on 9 January 1993, after 10 days from the date of official publication. ==Demographics==