Etymology of chemistry

There are two main views on the derivation of the Greek word. According to one, the word comes from the greek (, meaning 'pouring' or 'infusion'), used in connection with the study of the juices of plants, and thence extended to chemical manipulations in general; this derivation accounts for the old-fashioned spellings chymist and chymistry. The other view traces it to khem or khame, hieroglyph khmi, which denotes black earth as opposed to barren sand, and was used by Plutarch as (); on this derivation, the word alchemy is explained as meaning 'the Egyptian art'. The first occurrence of the word is said to be in a treatise of Julius Firmicus, an astrological writer of the 4th century, but the prefix al- must be the addition of a later Arabic copyist. In English, works by Piers Plowman (1362) use the phrase , with variants and . The prefix al- began to be dropped about the middle of the 16th century. Egyptian origin According to the Egyptologist Wallis Budge, the Arabic word al-kīmiyaʾ actually means 'the Egyptian [science]', borrowing from the Coptic word for "Egypt", (or its equivalent in the Medieval Bohairic dialect of Coptic, ). This Coptic word derives from Demotic , itself from ancient Egyptian . The ancient Egyptian word referred to both the country and the colour black (Egypt was the "Black Land", by contrast with the "Red Land", the surrounding desert); so this etymology could also explain the nickname "Egyptian black arts". However, according to Friedrich Mahn, this theory may be an example of folk etymology. Greek origin Arabic al-kīmiyaʾ or al-khīmiyaʾ ( or ), according to some, is thought to derive from the Koine Greek word () meaning 'the art of alloying metals' or 'alchemy'; in the manuscripts, this word is also written as khēmeia () or kheimeia (), which is the probable basis of the Arabic form. According to Mahn, the Greek word χυμεία (khumeia) originally meant "cast together", "casting together", "weld", "alloy", etc. (cf. Gk. kheein () "to pour"; khuma (), "that which is poured out, an ingot"). Assuming a Greek origin, chemistry is defined as follows: :Chemistry, from the Greek word (khēmeia) meaning "cast together" or "pour together", is the science of matter at the atomic to molecular scale, dealing primarily with collections of atoms, such as molecules, crystals, and metals. ==From alchemy to chemistry==

Later Medieval Latin had / ('alchemy'), ('alchemical'), and ('alchemist'). The 16th century mineralogist and humanist Georg Agricola was the first to drop the Arabic definite article al-. In his Latin works from 1530 onwards, he exclusively wrote chymia and chymista in describing activity that we today would characterize as chemical or alchemical. As a humanist, Agricola was intent on purifying words and returning them to their classical roots. He had no intent to make a semantic distinction between chymia and alchymia. In the late 16th century, Agricola's newly coined terminology gradually came into use. It seems to have been adopted in most of the vernacular European languages following Conrad Gessner's adoption of it in his widely circulated pseudonymous work, (Zurich, 1552). Gessner's work was frequently re-published in the second half of the 16th century in Latin and was also published in a number of vernacular European languages, with the word spelled without the al-. In English of the 16th, 17th, and early 18th centuries, both the forms with and without the prefix al- were commonly spelled with i or y, as in chymic, chymic, alchimic, and alchymic. During the later 18th century, the spelling was re-fashioned to use the letter e, as in chemic in English. In English, after the spelling shifted from chimical to chemical, there was a corresponding shift from alchimical to alchemical, which occurred in the early 19th century. In French, Italian, Spanish and Russian today, it continues to be spelled with an i as in, for example, Italian . ==See also==