Cheonggyecheon

Cheonggyecheon is an stream flowing west to east through downtown Seoul, and then meeting Jungnangcheon, which connects to the Han River and empties into the Yellow Sea. == History ==

The stream was named as Gaecheon ("open stream") after the first refurbishment project to construct a drainage system during the Joseon period. The work, which included dredging and bolstering the banks of the stream and building bridges, was carried out every 2–3 years during this period from the reign of Taejong, the third king of Joseon. King Yeongjo especially undertook the refurbishment work as a national project. Gaecheon was renamed to Cheonggyecheon, its current name, when Korea was under Japanese rule. During this time, financial difficulties disrupted and prevented Japanese forces from covering up the stream despite several attempts to do so. After the Korean War, more people migrated into Seoul to make their living and settled down along the stream in shabby makeshift houses. The accompanying trash, sand, and waste, and deteriorating conditions resulted in an eyesore for the city. The stream was covered up with concrete over 20 years starting in 1958, and a , elevated highway was completed in 1976. The area became an example of successful industrialization and modernization of South Korea. ==Restoration==

In July 2003, Mayor of Seoul Lee Myung-bak, initiated a project to remove the elevated highway and restore the stream. It was a major undertaking since the highway had to be removed and years of neglect and development had left the stream nearly dry. 120,000 tons of water were to be pumped in daily from the Han River, its tributaries, and groundwater from subway stations. To address the consequent traffic problem, the Cheonggyecheon Restoration Project Headquarters established traffic flow measures in the downtown section affected by the restoration work and coordinated changes in the downtown traffic system based on the research of the Cheonggyecheon Restoration Research Corps. The restoration of two historic bridges, Gwangtonggyo and Supyogyo, was also a contentious issue, as several interest groups voiced opinions on how to restore historical and cultural sites and remains and whether to replace the bridges. The Cheonggyecheon restoration project preserved the unique identity of the natural environment and the historic resources in the CBD of Seoul, and to reinforce the surrounding business area with information technology, international affairs and digital industries. == Consequences ==

The stream was opened to the public in September 2005 and was lauded as a major success in urban renewal and beautification. However, there was considerable opposition from the previous mayoral administration of Goh Kun, which feared gentrification of the adjacent areas that housed many shops and small businesses in the machine trades. Indeed, the price of land within 50 meters of the stream has increased by 30-50%, double the rate of property increases in other areas of Seoul. From 2002 to 2003, Cheonggyecheon area also saw a 3.5% increase in the number of businesses, which was double the rate of business growth in downtown Seoul. And its number of working people also increased by 0.8%, while that of downtown Seoul decreased by 2.6%. From 2003 (pre-restoration works) to the end of 2008, biodiversity increased by 639%; the number of plant species increased from 62 to 308, fish species from 4 to 25, bird species from 6 to 36, aquatic invertebrate species from 5 to 53, insect species from 15 to 192, mammals from 2 to 4, and amphibians from 4 to 8. The number of vehicles entering downtown Seoul has decreased by 2.3%, with an increasing number of users of buses (by 1.4%) and subways (by 4.3%: a daily average of 430,000 people) as a result of the demolition of the two heavily used roads. Between 2003 and the end of 2008, use of buses increased by 15.1% and use of subway by 3.3% in Seoul. ==Cost==

Budgeted at , the final cost of the project was over (approximately US$281 million). The cost of managing Cheonggyecheon has risen annually. From October 2005 to the end of 2016, maintenance and management cost of Cheonggyecheon totalled , which averaged out to per year. == Award ==

The Cheonggyecheon Restoration Project has received in 2010 the Veronica Rudge Green Prize in Urban Design from Harvard University's Graduate School of Design. ==Gallery==

File:Seoul-Cheonggyecheon-01.jpg|The beginning of Cheonggyeocheon File:Cheonggyecheon evening 2.jpg|The beginning of Cheonggyeocheon, evening time File:Seoul-01 (xndr).jpg|Cheonggyeocheon flowing through Seoul File:서울의 야경 2.jpg|The Cheonggye at night File:Cheonggyecheon around Mojeongyo, Seoul (모전교 부근 청계천).JPG|Cheonggye near Mojeongyo bridge File:Cheonggyecheon stream 4.jpg|A mid-stream water feature ==See also==