Children of Llullaillaco

's expansion in the 15th and 16th centuries The Inca Empire (Quechua: Tawantinsuyu, "The Four Regions"), was the largest known empire in pre-Columbian America. The empire arose in the area around the city of Cusco, high in the Andes Mountains in modern-day Peru, in the 13th century. The Inca civilization did not expand much geographically until the mid-15th century. However starting under the rule of Pachacuti in 1438 the Inca swept throughout South America along the Andes mountains, conquering local peoples along the way and consolidating a massive land empire within the span of less than a century. The Inca Empire reached its maximum geographical extent around 1530 and then began a rapid decline culminating in the fall of Cusco in 1533, along with the execution of the emperor Atahualpa by conquering Spaniards. Child sacrifice, referred to as capacocha or qhapaq hucha, was an important part of the Inca religion and was often used to commemorate important events, such as the death of a Sapa Inca. Human sacrifice was also used as an offering to the gods in times of famine and as a way of asking for protection. Sacrifice could occur only with the direct approval of the Inca emperor. Children were chosen from all over the sprawling Inca empire and were picked primarily based on their "physical perfection". Children chosen for sacrifice were generally "sons and daughters of nobles and local rulers". According to Spanish chronicler Pedro Cieza de León who visited Cusco in 1550, the chosen Virgins of the Sun god, whose task it was to weave and dye woollen cloth for the service of the temple near Cuzco and to prepare chicha, could also be buried alive (sacrificed) if they had violated their celibacy by engaging in sexual intercourse with a male. Spanish historian, Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, wrote that by the time of Inca Yupanqui's reign, these women were being used as his concubines. Other well-preserved mummies, including Mummy Juanita, have been found on mountaintops in the Andes. ==Burial site==

Llullaillaco is a stratovolcano tall. The extreme dryness of the air is a major reason for the excellent preservation of the mummies for 500 years. Dryness and low temperatures are both known to significantly reduce the decomposition rate of human remains, and the extreme environmental conditions at the summit of Llullaillaco are therefore very conducive to preservation. ==Rediscovery==

site at the top of Llullaillaco In 1999, Johan Reinhard and his team of researchers set out into the high Andes to search for Inca ritual sacrifice sites. Three days into their search, on 16 March, Reinhard's team discovered a grave site containing three mummified children: two girls and one boy. Several gold, shell and silver statues, textiles and pottery were also found. The younger girl's corpse had been struck by lightning after her death, causing burn damage on her body, especially her face and shoulder. The other two mummies were not affected. Statues made of precious metals and textiles were among the many goods found in the graves. Several times the expedition came close to failure. After a long acclimatization process, including a month spent exploring a lower-elevation mountain nearby, the team finally approached the summit of Llullaillaco after establishing a series of camps throughout the ascent. Throughout this expedition the researchers braved severe winds of more than and extreme temperatures, at one point dropping to . At their final camp, at an elevation of , a storm broke and lasted for four days. According to Reinhard the team "[was] about to give up" when they spotted an artificial layer in the site that indicated they should continue the investigation. The researchers followed the artificial layer, which eventually led them to the burial of one of the mummies. ==The mummies==

Three mummies were found at the Llullaillaco burial site: la doncella (the maiden), la Niña del Rayo (the lightning girl) and El Niño (the boy). Once at the top of the mountain they had been allowed to fall asleep and then placed in a small tomb underground, where they were left to die. In addition they had been fed a high-protein diet before being sacrificed. The mummies were in exceptional condition when found. Reinhard said that the mummies "appear to be the best preserved Inca mummies ever found", also saying that the arms were perfectly preserved, even down to the individual hairs. The internal organs were still intact and one of the hearts still contained frozen blood. Because the mummies froze before dehydration could occur, the desiccation and shriveling of the organs that is typical of exposed human remains never took place. She died in her sleep. It is believed that La Doncella was an aclla, or Sun Virgin – she was a virgin, chosen and sanctified at around the age of ten years, to live with other girls and women who would become royal wives, priestesses and sacrifices. The practice of ritual sacrifice in Inca society was intended to ensure health, rich harvests and favorable weather. La Niña del Rayo La Niña del Rayo was approximately six years old when she was sacrificed. La Niña del Rayo appears to have been treated less roughly than El Niño but without the care with which la doncella was treated. The skull of el niño had been slightly elongated, similarly to that of la Niña del Rayo. El Niño was buried with a collection of small objects, some of them depicting finely dressed men driving caravans of llamas. A woolen sling was wrapped around his head; slings were used by men in a ritual activity to launch stones into the lagoons at the end of the dry season to hasten the coming of the rains. ==Scientific analysis==

According to a biochemical analysis of la doncella's hair, the children had been drugged with alcohol and coca before the start of the sacrificial ritual. La Doncella had been drugged by coca leaves and chicha, a maize beer. Though all three of the sacrifices had consumed significant amounts of these substances prior to the ritual, a hair sample analysis showed that la doncella had consumed significantly more coca and alcohol than either El Niño or la Niña del Rayo. Her hair contained the highest concentration of coca ever found in Andean human remains. ==Exhibition==

The mummies remain on display at the Museum of High Altitude Archaeology, a museum dedicated entirely to the display of the mummies, in Salta, Argentina. The area that now contains the city of Salta was a part of the Inca Empire in the late 1400s and early 1500s, before being conquered by Spanish conquistadores in the late 1500s. To prevent deterioration, a computer-controlled climate system maintains environmental conditions similar to those on Llullaillaco. If an earthquake or other emergency were to result in the loss of power, the aeroplane of the provincial governor would be used to fly the mummies to another location where they would be able to be "plugged back in". The museum opened its doors to the general public in early September 2007. Prior to the construction of the museum display, the mummies had been safeguarded by the . Developing a way to show the mummies to the public while keeping them perfectly preserved took eight years of research. ==Controversy==

The mummies have been the subject of controversy, especially with regards to indigenous rights. The exhumation and display of the bodies is opposed by some indigenous people. Rogelio Guanuco, the leader of the Indigenous Association of Argentina (AIRA), called the display "a violation of our loved ones", saying that "Llullaillaco continues to be sacred for us. They should never have profaned that sanctuary, and they should not put our children on exhibition as if in a circus." Fermín Tolaba, chief of the Lules, said that the mummies "should have stayed in their territory", and that "now that [the mummies] are already exhumed, [the museum] would have to return them. It is not good that the museum is earning money with that, charging an admission for something that doesn't belong to it." Some indigenous leaders have also expressed concern that indigenous peoples will not receive possible economic benefits created by the display of the mummies. ==See also==