Argentina Despite no war erupting between the two nations, there have been elements of anti-Chilean sentiment in Argentina in the past and present. Anti-Chilean sentiment in Argentina can be blamed on the historical and ongoing border disputes in the
Patagonia region. In addition, the events that occurred during the
Beagle conflict in 1978 resulted in many anti-Chilean speeches and rhetoric in the Argentine media. Argentine General
Luciano Benjamin Menendez was a leading advocate for war during the conflict and was known for his aggressive and vulgar discourse against Chileans.
Bolivia In Bolivia, anti-Chilean sentiment is fueled by
Bolivian claims for territory in the Pacific coast. A common political discourse attributes Bolivia's underdevelopment to its loss of seaports in the
War of the Pacific becoming thus a
landlocked country. This anti-Chilean sentiment has been exploited by Bolivian politicians for more than a century
Peru In Peru when the
War of the Pacific began in 1879, Peru changed the name of its national dance from "chilena" to "marinera". The
Peruvian government expelled Chilean citizens from their lands in 1879, the question of the sovereignty of
Tacna and
Arica. President
Augusto Leguía used the term
"Captive Provinces" in order to win over the inhabitants of the disputed provinces to Peru. Later, the
occupation of Lima, the province of
Tacna and the massacres against Peruvian civilians by Chilean soldiers increased anti-Chilean sentiment in those areas. The defeat in the war rooted a strong anti-Chilean sentiment in much of Peruvian society and Peru was plunged into a period of instability and backwardness that, according to many authors, came to question its very viability as a country during the period of
National Reconstruction (1883-1895). Every October 8, the
naval battle of Angamos is commemorated with a national holiday, when
Miguel Grau died, recognized as the "Greatest hero of Peru". From 1968 to 1980 during the
Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces,
General Juan Velasco Alvarado again used the term captive provinces to refer to the territories that today comprise the Chilean regions of
Arica and Parinacota and
Tarapacá. In 2006, the Commander-in-Chief of the
Peruvian Army,
Edwin Donayre, stated,
"I have given the order that any Chilean who enters will no longer leave, they will leave in a box. If there are not enough boxes, they will leave in plastic bag" (), causing laughter among those present. Then-Peruvian presidential candidate
Ollanta Humala gave a speech that was described in Chile as anti-Chilean. The
bicycle kick football technique, known to most Spanish speakers as the "chilena", is called the "chalaca" in Peru. The Chilean anthem is booed in Peru prior to football matches between the senior national teams. In 2017, the
Peruvian national football team celebrated their qualification for the
2018 World Cup with the chant, ''"He who doesn't jump is a Chilean!"'' () started by
Christian Cueva, since the
Chilean national football team is considered there as their "greatest rival" and was the most shouted by their fans. is recognized as the "most anti-Chilean newspaper in Peru", founded as part of the chicha press. Citizens of multiple countries also believe they have been economically exploited by Chilean businesses over the last decade, which have taken over large market shares of various consumer businesses, especially retail (
Cencosud,
Falabella,
Ripley) and banking. Ironically, Peruvian and Bolivian citizens constitute the bigger immigrant groups in Chile.
Outside from South America Outside of
South America during the
California Gold Rush, Chileans experienced a high degree of anti-Chilean sentiment by United States miners. Chilean businesses and mine workers were usually harassed and at times violently attacked. ==Anti-Chilean terminology==