Chindwin River

The Tanai exits the Hukawng valley through the Taron or Turong valley and through a sharp defile in the river. It then takes on the name of Chindwin, and maintains a general southerly course. Satellite pictures show this lowest channel to be the widest one today. ==Discharge==

Average, minimum and maximum discharge of the Chindwin River at Monywa. Period from 1966/01/01 to 2023/12/31: ==Tributaries==

• Uyu River is the largest tributary joining the Chindwin river just below Homalin on the left. The famous jade mines at Hpakant lie in the headwaters of the Uyu. • Myittha River drains the Kale valley and joins on the right further downstream. The town of Kalewa is on the left bank of their confluence. • Tizu River originates from central Nagaland in northeast India. It flows through Zünheboto and Phek districts and finally joins the Chindwin river. ==Towns==

crater lake • Hkamti • Htamanthi • Homalin • Mawlaik • Kalewa • Kalaymyo • Mingin • Monywa == Environment ==

Much of Chindwin's course lies within mountain ranges and forests. Due to the difficulty of access, much of it remains unspoilt. The government of Burma recently created a very large (2,500 square mile) sanctuary for the endangered tiger within the Hukawng Valley. == History ==

The mountain ranges to the west of the Chindwin are formidable, yet not totally impregnable to armies. The Kabaw valley saw many an invasion by the kingdom of Manipur to the west, most notably during the reign of King Garibaniwaj (1709–1748) when his army crossed over the Chindwin and the Mu, took Myedu, and reached as far as Sagaing opposite the capital Ava. The tables were turned in 1758 after King Alaungpaya ascended the Burmese throne. The Burmese army invaded and occupied Manipur and Assam marching across the western mountain ranges, and even encroached upon British India. During World War II, when the Japanese had cut off sea access, the British army and other Allied forces under General Joseph Stilwell retreated on foot to India across the same mountains, with disastrous results, mainly due to disease and hunger. The Ledo Road was built across the Hukawng valley to supply China. The Chindwin was a major barrier both for the Japanese trying to invade India and for the Allied forces attempting to reoccupy Burma. == Ethnography and culture ==

The chindwin river has a great impact on the culture of western Burma. Central Sino-Tibetan languages originated from valley areas of this river. == Economics ==

The Chindwin is served by regular river-going vessels up to the town of Homalin. Teak forests within its drainage area have been a valuable resource since ancient times. The Hukawng Valley is known for its abundance of Burmese amber. Along the river, there are deposits of jade, but Hpakant in the headwaters of the Uyu river is the only place in the world where the finest jade - known as jadeite or imperial jade - is found, along with an abundance of fish. == Notes ==