Etymology The ancient writer
Pausanias tells us that the poet
Ion of Chios believed the island received its name from
Chios, the son of
Poseidon by a nymph of the island, who was born amidst snowfall ( 'snow'). Other ancient authors attributed the name to a nymph called
Chione. Known as
Ophioussa (, 'snake island') and
Pityoussa (, 'pine-tree island') in antiquity, during the later
Middle Ages the island was ruled by a number of non-Greek powers and was known as (
Genoese), (Italian) and ( in
Ottoman Turkish). The capital during that time was
Kastron (, 'castle').
Prehistoric period Archaeological research on Chios has found evidence of habitation dating back at least to the
Neolithic era. The primary sites of research for this period have been cave dwellings at Hagio(n) Galas in the north and a settlement and accompanying
necropolis in modern-day Emporeio (also known as Emporio) at the far south of the island. Scholars lack information on this period. The size and duration of these settlements have therefore not been well-established. The
British School at Athens under the direction of
Sinclair Hood excavated the Emporeio site in 1952–1955, and most current information comes from these digs. The
Greek Archaeological Service has also been excavating periodically on Chios since 1970, though much of its work on the island remains unpublished. The noticeable uniformity in the size of houses at Emporeio leads some scholars to believe that there may have been little
social distinction during the Neolithic era on the island. The inhabitants apparently all benefited from agricultural and livestock farming. It is also widely held by scholars that the island was not occupied by humans during the
Middle Bronze Age (2300–1600), though researchers have recently suggested that the lack of evidence from this period may only demonstrate the lack of excavations on Chios and the northern
Aegean. By at least the 11th century BC the island was ruled by a monarchy, and the subsequent transition to aristocratic (or possibly
tyrannic) rule occurred sometime over the next four centuries. Future excavations may reveal more information about this period. 9th-century
Euboean and
Cypriote presence on the island is attested by ceramics, while a
Phoenician presence is noted at
Erythrae, the traditional competitor of Chios on the mainland.
Archaic and Classical periods Pherecydes, native to the Aegean, wrote that the island was occupied by the
Leleges,
Pre-Greeks who were reported to be subjected to the
Minoans on
Crete. They were eventually driven out by invading
Ionians. Chios was one of the original twelve member states of the
Ionian League. As a result, Chios, at the end of the 7th century BC, was one of the first cities to strike or mint coins, establishing the
sphinx as its symbol. It maintained this tradition for almost 900 years. In the 6th century BC, Chios' government adopted a constitution similar to that developed by
Solon in
Athens and later developed democratic elements with a voting assembly and people's magistrates called
damarchoi. In 546 BC, Chios was subjected to the
Persian Empire. The defeat of Persia at the
Battle of Mycale in 479 BC meant the liberation of Chios from Persian rule. When the
Athenians formed the
Delian League, which included
Ionia, Chios joined as one of the few members who did not have to pay tribute but who supplied ships to the alliance. By the fifth to fourth centuries BC, the island had grown to an estimated population of over 120,000 (two to three times the estimated population in 2005), based on the huge necropolis at the main city of Chios. It is thought that the majority of the population lived in that area. In 412 BC, during the
Peloponnesian War, Chios revolted against Athens, and the Athenians besieged it. Relief only came the following year when the Spartans were able to raise the siege. In the 4th century BC, Chios was a member of the
Second Athenian League but revolted against Athens during the
Social War (357–355 BC), and Chios became independent again until the rise of
Macedonia.
Hellenistic period Theopompus returned to Chios with the other exiles in 333 BC after
Alexander the Great had invaded
Asia Minor and decreed their return, as well as the exile or trial of Persian supporters on the island. Theopompus was exiled again sometime after Alexander's death and took refuge in Egypt. During this period, the island also had become the largest exporter of Greek wine, which was noted for being of relatively high quality (see "
Chian wine"). Chian
amphoras, with a characteristic sphinx emblem and bunches of grapes, have been found in nearly every country with whom the ancient Greeks traded. These countries included
Gaul,
Upper Egypt, and Southern
Russia.
Roman period During the
Third Macedonian War, thirty-five vessels allied to Rome, carrying about 1,000
Galatian troops, as well as a number of horses, were sent by
Eumenes II to his brother
Attalus. Leaving from Elaea, they were headed to the harbour of Phanae, planning to disembark from there to Macedonia. However,
Perseus's naval commander Antenor intercepted the fleet between
Erythrae (on the Western coast of Turkey) and Chios. According to
Livy, they were caught completely off-guard by Antenor. Eumenes' officers at first thought the intercepting fleet were friendly Romans, but scattered upon realizing they were facing an attack by their Macedonian enemy, some choosing to abandon ship and swim to Erythrae. Others, crashing their ships into land on Chios, fled toward the city. The Chians however closed their gates, startled at the calamity. And the Macedonians, who had docked closer to the city anyway, cut the rest of the fleet off outside the city gates, and on the road leading to the city. Of the 1,000 men, 800 were killed, 200 taken prisoner.' After the Roman conquest Chios became part of the province of
Asia. In the spring of 14 BC, King
Herod of
Judaea, known for his extensive architectural projects, funded the construction of a
stoa on Chios, which had suffered destruction during the
Mithridatic War. Additionally, he settled the outstanding taxes owed by the people of Chios to the Romans.
Pliny remarks upon the islanders' use of variegated
marble in their buildings, their appreciation for such stone above murals or other forms of artificial decoration, and the cosmetic properties of the
local earth. The marble from Chios, called
marmor chium or "portasanta" today, became one of the most desirable and expensive in the Roman world and later. It has a pinkish coloured background containing yellow-orange, brown and grey spots of variable shape and size, separated by whitish or red veins. The name "portasanta" derives from the door jambs of St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, being made of this marble. According to the
Acts of the Apostles,
Luke the Evangelist,
Paul the Apostle and their companions passed Chios during Paul's third missionary journey, on a passage from
Lesbos to
Samos.
Byzantine period (11th century) After the permanent division of the
Roman Empire in 395 AD, Chios was for seven centuries part of the
Byzantine Empire. This came to an end when the island was briefly held (1090–97) by
Tzachas, a Turkish bey in the region of
Smyrna during the first expansion of the Turks to the Aegean coast. However, the Turks were driven back from the Aegean coast by the Byzantines aided by the
First Crusade, and the island was restored to Byzantine rule by admiral
Constantine Dalassenos. This relative stability was ended by the sacking of Constantinople by the
Fourth Crusade (1204) and during the turmoil of the 13th century the island's ownership was constantly affected by the regional power struggles. After the Fourth Crusade, the Byzantine empire was divided up by the
Latin emperors of Constantinople, with Chios nominally becoming a possession of the
Republic of Venice. However, defeats for the Latin empire resulted in the island reverting to Byzantine rule in 1225.
Genoese period (1304–1566) , 1547 The Byzantine rulers had little influence and through the
Treaty of Nymphaeum, authority was ceded to the
Republic of Genoa (1261). At this time the island was frequently attacked by pirates, and by 1302–1303 was a target for the renewed Turkish fleets. To prevent Turkish expansion, the island was reconquered and kept as a renewable concession, at the behest of the Byzantine emperor
Andronicus II Palaeologus, by the Genovese
Benedetto I Zaccaria (1304), then admiral to Philip of France. Zaccaria installed himself as ruler of the island, founding the short-lived
Lordship of Chios. His rule was benign and effective control remained in the hands of the local Greek landowners. Benedetto Zacharia was followed by his son
Paleologo and then his grandsons or nephews
Benedetto II and
Martino. They attempted to turn the island towards the Latin and Papal powers, and away from the predominant Byzantine influence. The locals, still loyal to the Byzantine Empire, responded to a letter from the emperor and, despite a standing army of a thousand infantrymen, a hundred cavalrymen and two galleys, expelled the Zacharia family from the island (1329) and dissolved the fiefdom. Local rule was brief. In 1346, a chartered company or
Maona (the "
Maona di Chio e di Focea") was set up in Genoa to reconquer and exploit Chios and the neighbouring town of
Phocaea in Asia Minor. Although the islanders firmly rejected an initial offer of protection, the island was invaded by a Genoese fleet, led by
Simone Vignoso, and the castle besieged. Again rule was transferred peacefully, as on 12 September the castle was surrendered and a treaty signed with no loss of privileges to the local landowners as long as the new authority was accepted. The Maona was controlled by the
Giustiniani family. The Genoese, being interested in profit rather than conquest, controlled the trade-posts and warehouses, in particular the trade of mastic, alum, salt and pitch. Other trades such as grain, wine oil and cloth and most professions were run jointly with the locals. After a failed uprising in 1347, and being heavily outnumbered (less than 10% of the population in 1395), the Latins maintained light control over the local population, remaining largely in the town and allowing full religious freedom. In this way the island remained under Genoese control for two centuries. A notable Genoese inhabitant from this period was
Christopher Columbus who lived in Chios in the 1470s before his voyages to the Americas. In 1566, when Genoa lost Chios to the
Ottoman Empire, there were 12,000 Greeks and 2,500 Genoese (or 17% of the total population) in the island.
Ottoman period: economic prosperity and the Great Destruction '' by
Eugène Delacroix. This, and the works of
Lord Byron, did much to draw the attention of mainland Europe to the catastrophe that had taken place in Chios (1824, oil on canvas, ,
Musée du Louvre, Paris). ", painted by
Nikiphoros Lytras (.
Averoff Gallery). Kanaris blew up the flagship as a revenge for the massacre. abandoned village In April 1566, the island of Chios was captured by the
Ottoman Empire after the surrender to
Piyale Pasha. Subsequently, the Genoans were sent to the capital and after some time upon the request of the French ambassador they were allowed to return with a firman. During Ottoman rule, the government and tax gathering again remained in the hands of Greeks and the Turkish garrison was small and inconspicuous. As well as the Latin and Turkish influx, documents record a small Jewish population from at least 1049 AD. The original Greek (
Romaniote) Jews, thought to have been brought over by the Romans, were later joined by Sephardic Jews welcomed by the Ottomans during the
Iberian expulsions of the late 15th century. The mainstay of the island's famous wealth was the mastic crop. Chios was able to make a substantial contribution to the imperial treasury while at the same time maintaining only a light level of taxation. The Ottoman government regarded it as one of the most valuable provinces of the Empire. When the
Greek War of Independence broke out, the island's leaders were reluctant to join the revolutionaries, fearing the loss of their security and prosperity. However, in March 1822, several hundred armed Greeks from the neighbouring island of
Samos landed in Chios. They proclaimed the revolution and launched attacks against the Turks, at which point islanders decided to join the struggle. Ottomans landed a large force on the island consequently and put down the rebellion. The Ottoman
massacre of Chios expelled, killed or enslaved thousands of the inhabitants of the island. It wiped out whole villages and affected the
Mastichochoria area, the mastic growing villages in the south of the island. It triggered also negative public reaction in Western Europe, as portrayed by
Eugène Delacroix, and in the writing of
Lord Byron and
Victor Hugo. In 1825,
Thomas Barker of Bath painted a fresco depicting the
Chios Massacre on the walls of Doric House,
Bath, Somerset. Finally, Chios was not included in the
modern Greek state and remained under Ottoman rule. The
1881 Chios earthquake, estimated as 6.5 on the
moment magnitude scale, damaged a large portion of the island's buildings and resulted in great loss of life. Reports of the time spoke of 5,500–10,000 fatalities. Remarkably, despite the terrible devastation, in the later 19th century Chios emerged as the motherland of the modern Greek shipping industry. Indicatively, while in 1764, Chios had 6 vessels with 90 sailors on record, in 1875 there were 104 ships with over 60,000 registered tonnes, and in 1889 were recorded 440 sailing ships of various types with 3,050 sailors. The dynamic development of Chian shipping in the 19th century is further attested by the various shipping related services that were present in the island during this time, such as the creation of the
shipping insurance companies
Chiaki Thalassoploia (Χιακή Θαλασσοπλοΐα),
Dyo Adelfai (Δυο Αδελφαί),
Omonoia (Ομόνοια) and the shipping bank
Archangelos (Αρχάγγελος) (1863). The boom of Chian shipping took place with the successful transition from sailing vessels to steam. To this end, Chian ship owners were supported by the strong
diaspora presence of Chian merchants and bankers, and the connections they had developed with the financing centers of the time (Istanbul, London), the establishment in London of shipping businessmen, the creation of shipping academies in Chios and the expertise of Chian personnel on board.
In independent Greece Chios joined the rest of independent Greece after the
First Balkan War (1912). The Greek Navy
landed at Chios in November 1912 and took control of the island after a series of clashes that lasted for over a month. The Ottoman Empire recognized Greece's annexation of Chios and the other Aegean islands by signing the
Treaty of London (1913). Although Greece was officially neutral, the island was occupied by the British during World War I, on 17 February 1916. This may have been due to the island's proximity to the Ottoman Empire and the city of İzmir in particular. It was affected also by the
population exchange between Greece and Turkey after the
Greco–Turkish War of 1919–1922, with the incoming
Greek refugees settling in Kastro (previously a Turkish neighborhood) and in new settlements hurriedly built south of Chios town. The island saw some local violence during the
Greek Civil War setting neighbour against neighbour. This ended when the final band of communist fighters was trapped and killed in the orchards of Kampos and their bodies driven through the main town on the back of a truck. In March 1948, the island was used as an internment camp for female political detainees (communists or relatives of guerillas) and their children, who were housed in military barracks near the town of Chios. Up to 1300 women and 50 children were housed in cramped and degrading conditions, until March 1949 when the camp was closed and the inhabitants moved to
Trikeri. The production of
mastic was threatened by the
Chios forest fire that swept the southern half of the island in August 2012 and destroyed some
mastic groves. By 2015, Chios had become a transit point for refugees and asylum seekers entering the EU from Turkey. A reception and identification centre was formed at VIAL near the village of Chalkeio, however, in 2021 the Greek government announced a new closed reception centre will be built in a more isolated location at Akra Pachy near the village of Pantoukios. ==Demographics==