In 184, Qiangqu sent Yufuluo to assist the Han in fighting the
Yellow Turban Rebellion. He was later sent to fight against
Zhang Chun and the
Wuhuan after they rebelled in
You province in 187. Resentment towards the
Chanyu was growing among the Southern Xiongnu for his relentless conscription of their tribes to do the Han's bidding. At the time, the
Xiuchuge people had also rebelled, invading
Xihe Commandery from the
Hetao region and killing the Inspector of
Bing province. In 188, dissidents led by Xiluo clan of the Right Division allied with the Xiuchuge rebels and killed Qiangqu. The Han court attempted to appoint the Western
Tuqi Prince Yufuluo as
chanyu, instead of using the traditional Xiongnu election system. The Southern Xiongnu dissented and elected the
Marquis of Xubu as a lawful alternate leader. They expelled Yufuluo, who fled to the Han imperial court. When the Marquis of Xubu died the next year an elderly king became the nominal head of state without the title of
chanyu and the Southern Xiongnu ceased to exist as a coherent entity. Yufuluo fled to the Han court but found no support after the death of
Emperor Ling of Han in 189. As the Southern Xiongnu rebels prevented him from returning home, he and his followers relocated to Pingyang County in
Hedong Commandery, east of the
Fen River. He became a wandering mercenary, working under the Yellow Turbans,
Yuan Shao, and the
Heishan bandits of
Zhang Yan. In 193, he supported
Yuan Shu at the
Battle of Fengqiu against
Cao Cao, but was defeated. It was around this time that he may have surrendered to Cao Cao. He died in 195 and his remaining followers joined his brother
Huchuquan. Yufuluo's son was
Liu Bao, who in 216, was appointed by the Han chancellor
Cao Cao to supervise the Southern Xiongnu in
Shanxi. Yufuluo's grandson
Liu Yuan went on to found the state of
Han-Zhao in 304, one of the first states of the
Sixteen Kingdoms. However, some modern Chinese scholars cast doubt on Liu Bao and Liu Yuan's lineage to Yufuluo, believing that the Lius were instead from the
Chuge or Xiuchuge people that killed Qiangqu and sent Yufuluo into exile. Their theory suggests that Liu Yuan may had fabricated his lineage to Yufuluo to increase their legitimacy as descendants of the Southern Xiongnu chanyus and the Han dynasty (due to the marriage of
Modu Chanyu to a Han princess). ==Family==