Christopher Langan

Langan was born in 1952 in San Francisco, California. His mother, Mary Langan-Hansen (née Chappelle, 1932–2014), was the daughter of a wealthy shipping executive but was cut off from her family. Langan's biological father left before he was born, and is said to have died in Mexico. Langan's mother married three more times, and had a son by each husband. Her second husband was murdered, and her third killed himself. Langan grew up with the fourth husband Jack Langan, who has been described as a "failed journalist" who used a bullwhip as a disciplinary measure and went on drinking sprees, disappearing from the house, locking the kitchen cabinets so the four boys could not get to the food in them. The family was very poor; Langan recalls that they all had only one set of clothes each. The family moved around, living for a while in a teepee on an Indian reservation, then later in Virginia City, Nevada. When the children were in grade school, the family moved to Bozeman, Montana, where Langan spent most of his childhood. Langan attended high school, but spent his last years engaged mostly in independent study. He did so after his teachers denied his request for more challenging material. According to Langan, he began teaching himself "advanced math, physics, philosophy, Latin, and Greek". He earned a perfect score on the SAT despite taking a nap during the test. Langan withdrew before final exams in his second semester and received all Fs. Langan returned to Bozeman and worked as a forest service firefighter for 18 months before enrolling at Montana State University–Bozeman. In comparing the lack of academic and life success of Langan to the successes of J. Robert Oppenheimer, journalist Malcolm Gladwell, in his 2008 book Outliers, points to the background and social skills of the two men. Oppenheimer was raised in a wealthy cosmopolitan environment, and Gladwell argues that such an environment gave help along the way and allowed Oppenheimer to gain a social savvy that Langan lacked, and prevented him from progressing academically. He had had little or no guidance from his parents or his teachers, and never developed the social skills needed to cope with and overcome his challenges. In 1999, Langan and others formed a non-profit corporation named the Mega Foundation for those with IQs of 164 or above. He was required to cease use of the Mega Society East name but retained control of the Mega Foundation domain names. Under the auspices of the Mega Foundation, he sat on the Society of Fellows of the International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design (ISCID), an intelligent design advocacy organisation, until its dissolution. In 2008, he appeared on the game show 1 vs. 100 and won $250,000. He used the proceeds to purchase a horse farm in Missouri, where he now lives with his wife Gina (), a clinical neuropsychologist. ==IQ testing==

In 1986, Langan took an IQ test, the Mega Test, under the pseudonym of Eric Hart; his score admitting him to membership of the Hoeflin Research Group, later to become the Mega Society. He continued to use that pseudonym for some time in his membership of the Mega Society, and was listed in the Guinness Book of Records along with Marilyn vos Savant and Keith Raniere as one of just three people to have scored so highly on the test. It later transpired that Langan, among others, had taken the Mega Test more than once by using a pseudonym. His first test score, under the name of Langan, was 42 out of 48 and his second attempt, as Hart, was 47. The Mega Test was designed only to be taken once. Membership of the Mega Society was meant to be for those with scores of 43 and upwards. A score of 42 on the Mega Test was originally designed to yield a predicted IQ value of 173–174, although data analysed from test takers led to a renorming of this and a 163–174 range. Further renorming work has suggested the range may be 159–169. Mensa, the high IQ society, never accepted Mega Test scores for entry into the society. IQ testing at the tail of the normal distribution has been criticised as being dubious as there are insufficient normative cases upon which to base a statistically justified rank-ordering. The Mega Test, among other IQ tests, has been criticised for blurring specific domain knowledge with generalised intelligence, although "most psychologists can agree that they measure something valuable." The Mega Test's attempt to measure high IQ at the tail of the normal distribution has been academically evaluated. Although it is an innovative attempt to create a test that would evaluate very high IQ, the nature of the test—self administered without time limit, which was chosen for pragmatic reasons—would not necessarily measure general intelligence, but could measure resourcefulness or some other factor. The frequent renorming of the test by its author was non standard but also innovative. Nevertheless it contained well known statistical flaws, such as sample self selection. The analysis could not therefore validate the conclusions. Attempts to eke out discrimination at the hundredth or thousandth percentile were clearly overwhelmed by the test's standard error, given that there were only 48 questions. The questions, too, were criticised for being structured with insufficient sensitivity to the detection of knowledge, because of the question format used. The test was thus described not so much as number crunching, but as "nothing short of number pulverisation". In 1990, the Guinness book of records dropped the listing of highest IQ, deeming high IQ scores to be too unreliable to document. ==Fringe proposals and beliefs==

Langan has proposed what he calls the Cognitive-Theoretic Model of the Universe (CTMU) which, he maintains, "explains the connection between mind and reality, therefore the presence of cognition and universe in the same phrase". He self-published an 85-page book on this theory in 2002 and revised it in 2020. He refers to it as "a true 'theory of everything', a cross between John Archibald Wheeler's 'Participatory Universe' and Stephen Hawking's 'Imaginary Time' theory of cosmology," Langan has claimed that the George W. Bush administration staged the 9/11 attacks in order to distract the public from learning about the CTMU, and journalists have described some of Langan's Internet posts as containing "thinly veiled" antisemitism, ==References==

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