Claude Brown

Brown was born on February 23, 1937, in New York, New York. The autobiographical Manchild in the Promised Land describes the cultural, economic, and religious conditions that suffused Harlem during Brown's early childhood and adolescence while constructing a narrative of Brown's tumultuous early life. The book explains that in the early 20th century, New York was thought to be the promised land for African Americans, but life in Harlem was more challenging than migrants expected. From the age of six, his life involved stealing, alcohol consumption, truancy, and gang wars. At the age of 11, he was placed in the Wiltwyck School for Boys, a reform school. By that time he had made the acquaintance of Dr. Ernest Papanek, a psychologist and the director of the Wiltwyck School for Boys for deprived and emotionally disturbed boys, in Esopus, Ulster County, New York. Dr. Papanek, whom Mr. Brown described in his book as "probably the smartest and the deepest cat I had ever met," encouraged him to seek an education. Although Dr. Papanek pushed him towards getting a better education, Brown still had criminal contacts at Wiltwyck and continued to be involved in street life. Brown had many brushes with the law and had to go to various juvenile detention institutions several times. During one robbery, Brown was shot in the stomach and almost died. == Career ==

Manchild in the Promised Land has sold over 4 million copies and has been translated into 14 different languages. As of 2002 it was on the curriculum in many high schools and colleges. The book was banned in certain schools for its use of frank language. In 1971, a complaint in the Chicago Daily Defender asserted that the book is "pornographic literature," and had "428 incidents of impure words." The book was banned in 1974 at a high school in Massachusetts because the headmaster found the language "filthy." Brown published a second book, Children of Ham, which explores the lives of several black teenagers from Harlem who escape the clutches of heroin. In comparison to sales of his first work, it was a failure. He wrote several articles for national magazines, including Esquire and Look. In 1961, Brown's article "Harlem, My Harlem" was published in Dissent. Claude Brown died on February 2, 2002, in New York, New York. ==See also==