The word cockpit seems to have been
used as a nautical term in the 17th century, without reference to
cock fighting. It referred to an area in the rear of a ship where the
cockswain's station was located, the cockswain being the pilot of a smaller "boat" that could be dispatched from the ship to board another ship or to bring people ashore. The word "cockswain" in turn derives from the old English terms for "boat-servant" (
coque is the French word for "shell"; and
swain was old English for boy or servant). The
midshipmen and
master's mates were later
berthed in the cockpit, and it served as the action station for the ship's surgeon and his mates during battle. Thus by the 18th century, "cockpit" had come to designate an area in the rear lower deck of a warship where the wounded were taken. The same term later came to designate the place from which a sailing vessel is steered, because it is also located in the rear, and is often in a well or "pit". However, a convergent etymology does involve reference to
cock fighting. According to the
Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology, the buildings in London where the king's cabinet worked (the
Treasury and the
Privy Council) were called the "Cockpit" because they were built on the site of a theater called
The Cockpit (torn down in 1635), which itself was built in the place where a "cockpit" for cock-fighting had once stood prior to the 1580s. Thus the word Cockpit came to mean a control center. The original meaning of "cockpit", first attested in the 1580s, is "a pit for fighting cocks", referring to the place where
cockfights were held. This meaning no doubt influenced both lines of evolution of the term, since a cockpit in this sense was a tight enclosure where a great deal of stress or tension would occur.
cockpit came to be used informally to refer to the driver's cabin, especially in high performance
cars, and this is official terminology used to describe the compartment that the driver occupies in a
Formula One car. In an
airliner, the cockpit is usually referred to as the
flight deck, the term deriving from its use by the
RAF for the separate, upper platform in large
flying boats where the pilot and co-pilot sat. Currently, in the USA and many other countries, the term cockpit is used interchangeably for airliners. However, in the Aerospace Industry, a general rule of thumb is that if it is a civil air transport
airliner in which you can walk into the controls area of the aircraft (or spacecraft), it is referred to as a "Flight Deck". If you have to climb or crawl into it, it is referred to as the "cockpit". The seat of a
powerboat racing craft is also referred to as the cockpit. == Ergonomics == The first airplane with an enclosed cabin appeared in 1912 on the
Avro Type F; however, during the early 1920s there were many passenger aircraft in which the crew remained open to the air while the passengers sat in a cabin. Military biplanes and the first single-engined fighters and attack aircraft also had open cockpits, some as late as the
Second World War when enclosed cockpits became the norm. The largest impediment to having closed cabins was the material used to make the windows. Prior to
Perspex becoming available in 1933, windows were either safety glass, which was heavy, or
cellulose nitrate (i.e.: guncotton), which yellowed quickly and was extremely flammable. In the mid-1920s many aircraft manufacturers began using enclosed cockpits for the first time. Early airplanes with closed cockpits include the 1924
Fokker F.VII, the 1926 German
Junkers W 34 transport, the 1926
Ford Trimotor, the 1927
Lockheed Vega, the
Spirit of St. Louis and the passenger aircraft manufactured by the
Douglas and
Boeing companies during the mid-1930s. Open-cockpit airplanes were almost extinct by the mid-1950s, with the exception of training planes, crop-dusters and
homebuilt aircraft designs. Cockpit windows may be equipped with a sun shield. Most cockpits have windows that can be opened when the aircraft is on the ground. Nearly all glass windows in large aircraft have an
anti-reflective coating, and an internal heating element to melt ice. Smaller aircraft may be equipped with a transparent
aircraft canopy. In most cockpits the pilot's control column or
joystick is located centrally (
centre stick), although in some military fast jets the
side-stick is located on the right hand side. In some commercial airliners (i.e.: Airbus—which features the
glass cockpit concept) both pilots use a side-stick located on the outboard side, so Captain's side-stick on the left and First-officer's seat on the right. Except for some helicopters, the
right seat in the cockpit of an
aircraft is the seat used by the
co-pilot. The
captain or
pilot in command sits in the '''', so that they can operate the throttles and other pedestal instruments with their
right hand. The tradition has been maintained to this day, with the co-pilot on the right hand side. The layout of the cockpit, especially in the military fast jet, has undergone standardisation, both within and between aircraft, manufacturers and even nations. An important development was the "Basic Six" pattern, later the "Basic T", developed from 1937 onwards by the
Royal Air Force, designed to optimise pilot
instrument scanning.
Ergonomics and Human Factors concerns are important in the design of modern cockpits. The layout and function of cockpit displays controls are designed to increase pilot
situation awareness without causing information overload. In the past, many cockpits, especially in fighter aircraft, limited the size of the pilots that could fit into them. Now, cockpits are being designed to accommodate from the 1st
percentile female physical size to the 99th percentile male size. In the design of the cockpit in a military fast jet, the traditional "knobs and dials" associated with the cockpit are mainly absent. Instrument panels are now almost wholly replaced by electronic displays, which are themselves often re-configurable to save space. While some hard-wired dedicated switches must still be used for reasons of integrity and safety, many traditional controls are replaced by multi-function re-configurable controls or so-called "soft keys". Controls are incorporated onto the stick and throttle to enable the pilot to maintain a head-up and eyes-out position – the Hands On Throttle And Stick or
HOTAS concept. These controls may be then further augmented by control media such as head pointing with a
Helmet Mounted Sighting System or
Direct voice input (DVI). Advances in auditory displays allow for
Direct Voice Output of aircraft status information and for the spatial localisation of warning sounds for improved monitoring of aircraft systems. The layout of control panels in modern airliners has become largely unified across the industry. The majority of the systems-related controls (such as electrical, fuel, hydraulics and pressurization) for example, are usually located in the ceiling on an overhead panel. Radios are generally placed on a panel between the pilot's seats known as the pedestal. Automatic flight controls such as the
autopilot are usually placed just below the windscreen and above the main instrument panel on the glareshield. A central concept in the design of the cockpit is the
Design Eye Position or "DEP", from which point all displays should be visible. Most modern cockpits will also include some kind of
integrated warning system. A study undertaken in 2013, to assess methods for cockpit-user menu navigation, found that
touchscreen produced the "best scores". After the
September 11, 2001 attacks, all major
airlines
fortified their cockpits against access by
hijackers. ==Flight instruments==