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Cohomology ring

In mathematics, specifically algebraic topology, the cohomology ring of a topological space X is a ring formed from the cohomology groups of X together with the cup product serving as the ring multiplication. Here 'cohomology' is usually understood as singular cohomology, but the ring structure is also present in other theories such as de Rham cohomology. It is also functorial: for a continuous mapping of spaces one obtains a ring homomorphism on cohomology rings, which is contravariant.

Examples
In what follows, vertical bars around an element denote its dimension in the cohomology ring. • \operatorname{H}^*(\mathbb{R}P^n; \mathbb{F}_2) = \mathbb{F}_2[\alpha]/(\alpha^{n+1}) where |\alpha|=1. • \operatorname{H}^*(\mathbb{R}P^\infty; \mathbb{F}_2) = \mathbb{F}_2[\alpha] where |\alpha|=1. • \operatorname{H}^*(\mathbb{C}P^n; \mathbb{Z}) = \mathbb{Z}[\alpha]/(\alpha^{n+1}) where |\alpha|=2. • \operatorname{H}^*(\mathbb{C}P^\infty; \mathbb{Z}) = \mathbb{Z}[\alpha] where |\alpha|=2. • \operatorname{H}^*(\mathbb{H}P^n; \mathbb{Z}) = \mathbb{Z}[\alpha]/(\alpha^{n+1}) where |\alpha|=4. • \operatorname{H}^*(\mathbb{H}P^\infty; \mathbb{Z}) = \mathbb{Z}[\alpha] where |\alpha|=4. • \operatorname{H}^*(T^2;\mathbb{Z})=\Lambda_\mathbb{Z}[\alpha_1, \alpha_2] where |\alpha_1|=|\alpha_2|=1. • \operatorname{H}^*(T^n;\mathbb{Z})=\Lambda_\mathbb{Z}[\alpha_1,..., \alpha_n] where |\alpha_i|=1. • \operatorname{H}^*(S^n;\mathbb{Z})= \mathbb{Z}[\alpha]/[\alpha^2] where |\alpha|=n . • If K is the Klein bottle, \operatorname{H}^*(K;\mathbb{Z})= \mathbb{Z}[\alpha,\beta]/[\alpha^2,2\beta,\alpha\beta,\beta^2] where |\alpha|=1, |\beta|=2. • By the Künneth formula, the mod 2 cohomology ring of the cartesian product of n copies of \mathbb{R}P^\infty is a polynomial ring in n variables with coefficients in \mathbb{F}_2. • The reduced cohomology ring of wedge sums is the direct product of their reduced cohomology rings. • The cohomology ring of suspensions vanishes except for the degree 0 part. == See also ==
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