1928–1950 Taxi-bus, Chevrolet Double Phaeton, creation of the "líneas" In the 1900s Argentina was the "Granary of the World", one of the largest world food producers and exporters, and a wealthy country. The streets of prosperous Buenos Aires (with 2 million inhabitants) soon filled with cars. Commercial relations with the
United Kingdom (mainly trade in meat and grain), also brought a myriad of investors and enterprises in the early years of the century, including
Latin America's
first metro system,
cars,
trains,
tramways,
taxis and public buses. On 24 September 1928, the first taxi-bus ran through Buenos Aires. Later called "colectivo", it was based on an Argentine-manufactured longer-wheelbase Chevrolet Superior K-series Double
Phaeton called "
Especial Argentino". It provided public transportation throughout Buenos Aires on pre-defined itineraries and stops, charging a low price for each passenger.
Chevrolet started manufacturing a truck chassis adaptable to passenger transport. By the 1930s the size of the colectivo had increased from five to up to a dozen seats, and the Chevrolet line had become widely used, with bodies made by local companies. This style was kept until the 1970s and 1980s, by which time the units had twenty seats plus cramped room for many standing passengers. During its heyday, drivers deliberately challenged the "real" public buses and electric tramways, parking near them at the busiest stations and driving close to them during the day to pick up their passengers. Soon people started to prefer these
colectivos, which displaced the original buses and trams. With time the routes were formalized, and owners of
colectivos joined together into lines that operated standard routes, distinguished by numbers displayed on the
colectivos. Since several lines often traversed the same roads, companies began to adopt different colors to distinguish their units more clearly than by the number alone.
Line 60, a particularly well-known line with a long route, had its beginnings in this era.
1950–1990 Mercedes-Benz truck and buses After
World War II and during the 1950s Argentine industry started to develop again, but the country's public transport system was inadequate for the new era: practically no modernization had taken place since the early years, and the suburban railway system was not sufficient to meet the rising demands of the population. Mercedes-Benz moved into the
colectivo market: in 1951 the then Daimler-Benz AG set up in Argentina its first factories outside
Germany: one in the town of
San Martín, near Buenos Aires, and another in
González Catán. Mercedes released updated local colectivo chassis, a modified L 3500 truck chassis – LO 3500, OP 3500, LO 311, LO 312, LO 911 (the [O] stands for Omnibus) – with a separately manufactured body fitted later by different
coachbuilders. In less than a decade the output was 6,500 units a year. In 1963 Mercedes built the 10,000nd colectivo (model LO 312), and continued with other models, such as L 1112 (120
HP), LA 1112 (all-wheel traction) and the L 1114. The Mercedes-Benz colectivos had truck powerplants, a diesel engine with power transmitted to the rear axle by a five-speed constant-mesh gearbox. All the lines progressively adopted these units and, from 1950 to 1990, all colectivos were eventually Mercedes-Benz models.
1990s to the present Omnibus. Blurring of the tradition of the colectivo In 1987
El Detalle, one of the bus body suppliers of Mercedes-Benz, started competing with its former chassis provider, investing in low price and modern urban buses, with cheaper
Deutz engines. That same year model El Detalle OA-101 was launched. This model was rear-engined and had
pneumatic suspension, providing smoother rides and more inside space. Mercedes-Benz responded the following year with the rear-engined OH-1314, but that was considered "the death of the Colectivo", certainly the end of an era. In 1989 the last truck-based colectivos, on the classic Mercedes-Benz chassis LO-1114, were assembled. Production had been discontinued the previous year. During the 1990s some companies found it cheaper to switch to single-colored units, and a flurry of mergers and foldings changed the appearance of colectivos. Nowadays, only the three-digit numbering and some of the routes survive from the traditional "líneas",
fileteado is rarely seen, the
filigranas were lost, and some of the classic big details, such as the panoramic mirrors close to the driver's head, disappeared. After 1995 automatic ticket machines made journeys safer, since drivers did not have to sell tickets and drive at the same time. In 2005 Mercedes-Benz units accounted for about half of the buses in the city of Buenos Aires and its surroundings, with units built in
Buenos Aires (La Favorita, Eivar, Italbus, Bimet-Corwin, Galicia, CND, CEAP, Ugarte, etc.) and in
Brazil (Marcopolo, CAIO and others). The other half were El Detalle units and others such as
Scania,
Volvo,
Dimex,
Zanello and very few
Ferroni. Most older units have been retired from service in Buenos Aires, as they are considered too dangerous and noisy for use in the fast-paced city. They were disposed of, or sent to smaller cities all over the country. Colectivos are usually retired only when they are too damaged to be repaired; some of them have “resuscitated” as fine motorhomes.
Multi-colored units Decorators used many colorful combinations over the units' external body, helping identify each one of the
líneas. These eventually evolved into "corporate colors": when one company ran several lines, they painted buses on all lines in the same colors. Until the 1990s the
fileteado, individual to each bus, was maintained.
Fileteados Fileteado has been defined as: "art on wheels": full of colored ornaments and symmetries completed with poetic phrases, sayings and aphorisms, both humorous or roguish, emotional or philosophical". The colectivos were where this art found its best canvas. Long, wide mirrors placed around the driver seat often had winding drawings and motifs that usually portrayed the driver's preferences in
football,
religion and
tango. The outside of the units was also painted with
fileteado details, flower motifs,
national flags, and football team banners. It was also very common to see phrases written down in complex fonts, usually at the back. These phrases were often ingenious
puns or rhymes and became part of Argentine folklore. A simple example of a very common phrase is:
Lo mejor que hizo la vieja es el pibe que maneja (loosely "The best thing my mum did was this bus-driving kid").
Other details The units with a larger budget had more details added around the driver's seat. These usually came in the form of lights of exotic colors or seat covers with wool and fringes or even leather. It was very common to see the gear-stick full of hanging knickknacks and the casing where the tickets and coins were stored covered with motifs. Before 1995 tickets were sold by the
colectivero (driver) as he drove; they were colored strips of paper with a 5-digit number.
Palindromic numbers (such as
10301) were called
capicuas (from
Catalan cap i cua, "head and tail") and sometimes collected. ==Usage in Buenos Aires==