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Columns of Gediminas

The Columns of Gediminas or Pillars of Gediminas are one of the earliest symbols of Lithuania and its historical coats of arms. They were used in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, initially as a rulers' personal insignia, a state symbol, and later as a part of heraldic signs of leading aristocracy.

Appearance
The symbol appears in the following form: Horizontal line at bottom, vertical lines extend up at both ends. The square at the middle of the horizontal line is about half as tall as the vertical lines. Another vertical line rises from the top center of the square, giving an overall appearance that is close to a trident. This form is the one usually seen in modern times, often drawn on walls and fences as protest against the Soviet occupation of Lithuania. It is notable that the ancient pre-Christian symbols of Lithuania did not follow the same strict rules of heraldry as their Western counterparts. Thus this symbol was used in or and argent, usually on the field gules, and was depicted in various shapes on flags, banners and shields. Some Belarusian historians claim that the Columns directly go back to the symbol of the Rurikids, which was the trident. ==Name==
Name
The name "Columns of Gediminas" was given in the 19th century by historian Teodor Narbutt, who supposed that the symbol was Gediminas' insignia. The more exact name of the symbol is the Pillars of Gediminids, since there is no direct evidence of its connection with Grand Duke of Lithuania Gediminas. ==History==
History
In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania According to the historical and archaeological evidence, the Columns were used by Grand Duke of Lithuania and Duke of Trakai Kęstutis. They appear on the Lithuanian coins issued by him. The symbol was also used by Vytautas as his personal insignia since 1397 and appeared on his seal and coins. It was suggested by historian Edmundas Antanas Rimša, who analyzed the ancient coins, that the Columns of the Gediminids symbolizes the Gates of the Trakai Peninsula Castle. According to the accounts of Jan Długosz, it was derived from a symbol or brand used to mark horses and other property. The Columns were adopted by descendants of Kęstutis as their family symbol, equivalent to a coat of arms. Another user of the Columns of Gediminas was Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund Kęstutaitis. At first, the Columns signified the family of Kęstutis, in contrast to the Vytis which was used by Algirdas' descendants. Later on, as a symbol of a ruling dynasty, it was adopted by Jagiellons and the two symbols became state symbols of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Columns of Gediminas remained in use over the following centuries. File:Lithuanian soldiers (14 reconstruction) 4.jpg|Reconstructed 14-15th Century armor of the Lithuanian Leičiai with dented shields decorated with the Columns of Gediminas. File:Vytautas coin of the Principality of Smolensk (vassal state of Lithuania) 2.jpg|Grand Duke Vytautas the Great coin of the Principality of Smolensk (minted in 1399–1401) with the Columns of the Gediminids and the Ruthenian lion or leopard. File:Дынарый-Калюмны.png|Denarius of Vytautas, XV century File:Alex K Grundwald flags 1410-02.svg|Reconstruction of Vytautas' flag at the Battle of Grunwald File:Gedimino bokštai. Columns of Gediminas. 1416.jpg|Columns of Gediminas as drawn in an armorial by a Portuguese herald in the Council of Constance in 1416 File:Coat of arms of Trakai with standing warrior and the Columns of Gediminas, 1440.jpg|Coat of arms of Trakai Voivodeship with standing warrior and the Columns of Gediminas from the Codex Bergshammar, dating to ~1435. File:Codex Bergshammar - GDL 1.png|"Vytis" in the coat of arms Codex Bergshamar, circa 1440 File:Alaksandar, Kalumny. Аляксандар, Калюмны (1506).jpg|From Łaski's Statute. 1506. File:Columns of Gediminas, painted by John of Głogów in 1514.jpg|Columns of Gediminas, painted by John of Głogów in 1514. File:Lithuanian State Symbol - The Columns of Gediminas (Gediminaičių stulpai) as icon in Annales by Ioannes Dlugossius, page fragment, 1572.png| The Columns of Gediminas as an icon in Annales seu Cronicae incliti Regni Poloniae Liber IX-XI by Ioannes Dlugossius, 1572. Page fragment. File:Columns of Gediminas (Gedimino stulpai) from Marcin Bielski's book Kronika Polska, 1597.png|Columns of Gediminas from Marcin Bielski's book Kronika Polska, 1597. File:Coat of arms of Lithuania Vytis (Waykimas) with Columns of Gediminas, 15th century.jpg|Coat of arms of Lithuania Vytis (Waykimas) with Columns of Gediminas, painted in the 15th century Wernigerode Armorial. Attributed to Vytautas the Great. File:Vytis (Waykimas) with the Columns of Gediminas, used during the reign of Steponas Batoras in the 16th century.jpg|Vytis (Waykimas) with the Columns of Gediminas, used during the reign of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Stephen Báthory in the 16th century. File:Coat of Arms of Polotsk (XVI c.).svg|"Seal of Polotsk" on the big seal of Ivan the Terrible. 16th century File:Czworak 1568 Wilno.jpg|Coin of Sigismund II Augustus File:Aŭgust Sas, Pahonia. Аўгуст Сас, Пагоня (1738, 1883).jpg|Seal of King and Grand Duke Augustus III, 1738 File:Columns of Gediminas, 1601-1700.jpg|Columns of Gediminas, 1601-1700 File:Kalumny. Калюмны (P. Böse, 1742).jpg|From the genealogy of the princes Radziwill, 1742 File:Pieczec wielka litewska Stanislawa Augusta 1764.jpg|Great Lithuanian seal of Stanisław August Poniatowski, 1764 File:Kodań, Kalumny-Pahonia. Кодань, Калюмны-Пагоня (V. Griaznov, 1885).jpg|Columns from the Castle Church in Kodno (Poland), 1885 File:Lithuania Rambynas Gedimin columns.jpg|Engraving of Pillars of Gediminas on a stone on Rambynas hill In the Interwar Republic of Lithuania During the period between World War I and World War II they were used by the Lithuanian Republic as a major state symbol, e. g. on Litas coins, monuments and military equipment. The Columns of Gediminas are featured on the Lithuanian Presidential Award Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas, which was started in 1928. File:Lietuvos kariuomenės kūrėjų savanorių sąjungos vėliava (1918–1920).jpg|Flag of the Šiauliai branch of the Lithuanian Armed Forces Creators Volunteers Union (1918–1920). File:Lithuanian coin of 5 cents with Vytis (Waykimas) and the Columns of Gediminas, 1925.jpg|Lithuanian coin of 5 cents with Vytis (Waykimas) and the Columns of Gediminas, 1925. File:LTU 100 Litu 1928 obv.jpg|Lithuania 100 litas 1928 File:Banknote (reverse) of 2 Lithuanian litas with the Columns of Gediminas, 16 November 1922 edition.jpg|Banknote (reverse) of 2 Lithuanian litas with the Columns of Gediminas, 16 November 1922 edition. File:Independence Monument in Rokiskis (1931).jpg|An arc decorated with the Columns of the Gediminids during the unveiling ceremony of the Monument of 10th anniversary of Independence of Lithuania in Rokiškis (1931) File:Model of Gediminas Tower.jpeg|A Lithuanian scout Liudas Tarabilda with a model of the Gediminas Tower (a campaign of the Union for the Liberation of Vilnius) in the yard of his school in Anykščiai (1932) File:Lithuanian State Symbols - The Columns of Gediminas (Gediminaičių stulpai) and Vytis on the pediment of the Bank of Lithuania, Kaunas, Lithuania, 1927.jpg|Old Bank of Lithuania building with Vytis (Waykimas) and the Columns of Gediminas in Kaunas, created in 1927. File:Ministry of Finance of Lithuania with Vytis (Waykimas) and the Columns of Gediminas in Kaunas, 1930.jpg|Ministry of Finance of Lithuania with portraits of Antanas Smetona, Vytautas the Great, Vytis (Waykimas) and the Columns of Gediminas in Kaunas, 1930. File:Lithuanian military history. Mauser rifles of the Lithuanian Army marked with Columns of Gediminas, 1924.jpg|Mauser rifles of the Lithuanian Army marked with Columns of Gediminas, 1924. File:Lithuanian military history. Browning High Power of the Lithuanian Army marked with Columns of Gediminas, 1935.jpg|Browning Hi-Power of the Lithuanian Army marked with Columns of Gediminas, 1935. File:Lietuvos Buriuotojų Sąjungos vėliava 1935-1940.jpg|Flag of Lithuanian Sailing Union (1935-1940) File:LIMIS-20000012567148-Lithuanian Art Museum.jpeg|Lithuanian Art Museum in Radviliškis 1938. File:Lithuanian cadets near War school in Kaunas 1938.jpg|Lithuanian cadets near a War School in Kaunas, 1938. File:Lithuanian L-181.jpg|Lithuanian armoured car type Landsverk with Columns of Gediminas 1933. File:Lithuanian military history. Swedish Landsverk armored vehicles in the Lithuanian army, 1935.jpg|Lithuanian Landsverk armored vehicles in the Lithuanian army 1935. File:Lithuanian tanks heading to Lithuanian capital Vilnius in 1939.jpg|Lithuanian Vickers 4-ton tanks marked with Columns of Gediminas head to Vilnius 1939. File:Vilnius. Citizens of Vilnius greeting the Lithuanian army in the Cathedral Square, 1939 11 23.jpg|Residents of Vilnius greet Lithuanian tanks decorated with Columns of Gediminas in the Cathedral Square in Vilnius in 1939. In the Soviet Union After the annexation of Lithuania by the Soviet Union, the symbol was officially banned. During the Singing Revolution of the late 80s, it became the iconic sign of the reform movement Sąjūdis. File:A rally in Lithuania commemorate and condemn the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, August 23, 1988, Vilnius, Vingis Park.jpg|An Anti-Soviet rally in Vingis Park of about 250,000 people in 1988. The Columns of the Gediminids are hanging above the stage. == Modern usage in Lithuania ==
Modern usage in Lithuania
The Columns of Gediminas appears in the coat of arms of Seimas and in the emblems of the Lithuanian Armed Forces, Land Force, Air Force, Navy, Military Police, National Defence Volunteer Forces and Grand Duke Gediminas Staff Battalion. The Columns of Gediminas are also featured in the coat of arms of Old Trakai, Trakai District Municipality and Šimkaičiai. The Columns of Gediminas is used by various Lithuanian sports teams such as BC Rytas and FK Žalgiris as well as the Lithuanian National Olympic Committee. The symbol is also added on to many monuments throughout the country. File:Coat of arms of the Seimas of Lithuania.svg|Coat of arms of the Seimas of Lithuania File:SeniejiTrakaiCOA.jpg|Coat of arms of Old Trakai. File:Trakai district COA.svg|Coat of arms of Trakai District Municipality File:Simkaičiai COA.png|Coat of arms of Šimkaičiai File:Presidential Seal of the Republic of Lithuania.png|Presidential seal of Lithuania File:Gedimino ordino zvaigzde.png|Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas File:Columns of Gediminas in the Lower Representative Hall of the Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania in Vilnius.jpg|Columns of Gediminas in the yellow room at Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania in Vilnius. File:Paminklas himnui.JPG|Monument to Vincas Kudirka in Vilnius is topped by Columns of Gediminas. File:KalinowskiSierakowskiWilno2.jpg|Monument to Zygmunt Sierakowski and Kastus Kalinowski with Columns of Gediminas. File:Paminklas Vytautui Kernavėje.JPG|Monument to Vytautas the Great in Kernavė with Columns of Gediminas. File:Monument with the Columns of Gediminas, dedicated to the 10th anniversary of Independence of Lithuania in Plungė, Lithuania.jpg|Monument with the Columns of Gediminas, dedicated to the 10th anniversary of Independence of Lithuania in Plungė. File:Monument with the Columns of Gediminas, dedicated to the Lithuanian Wars of Independence in Joniškis, Molėtai district, Lithuania.jpg|Monument with the Columns of Gediminas, dedicated to the Lithuanian Wars of Independence in Joniškis. File:Kauno Karininku Ramove (trys milzinai).jpg|The Three Giants (Trys Milžinai) symbol in Kaunas. File:Simonas Daukantas Bridge in Kaunas with the Columns of the Gediminids.jpg|Simonas Daukantas Bridge in Kaunas with the Columns of the Gediminas on top. File:Prienai 2022d.jpg|Grand Duke Kęstutis monument with Columns of Gediminas in Prienai. File:Lietuvos karių kapinės Kupiškyje.jpg|Monument with Columns of Gediminas in the Cemetery of Lithuanian soldiers in Kupiškis. File:Senoji Varėna, Lithuania - panoramio.jpg|Monument ot Lithuanian Independence with Columns of Gediminas in Senoji Varėna. File:Klaipėdos Vytauto Didžiojo gimnazija (2).JPG|Gymnasium of Vytautas the Great in Klaipėda with Columns of Gediminas on its roof. File:Lietuvos pašto skyrius.jpg|Post office of Lietuvos paštas File:Insignia of the Lithuanian Armed Forces.svg|By the Lithuanian Armed Forces. File:Insignia of the Lithuanian Land Force.svg|By the Lithuanian Land Force. File:Insignia of the Lithuanian Air Force.png|By the Lithuanian Air Force. File:Insignia of the Lithuanian Naval Force.svg|By the Lithuanian Naval Force. File:Insignia of the Military Police (Lithuania).jpg|By the Lithuanian Military Police. File:Insignia of the National Defence Volunteer Forces (Lithuania).png|By the Lithuanian National Defence Volunteer Forces. File:Insignia of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas Staff Battalion.jpg|By the Grand Duke Gediminas Staff Battalion. File:Lithuanian Armed Forces Battle flag (reverse).png|Flag of the Lithuanian Armed Forces, reverse side. File:Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Military_Police.jpg|Flag of the Lithuanian Military Police. File:Flag of the Lithuanian National Defence Volunteer Force.jpg|Flag of the Lithuanian National Defence Volunteer Forces. File:Flag of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas Staff Battalion.jpg|Flag of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas Staff Battalion. File:Joint Light Tactical Vehicles of the Lithuanian Armed Forces 2021-Aug-17 Rukla.jpg|Columns of Gediminas are widely used on Lithuanian military vehicles. The official logo of the EuroBasket 2011, which took place in Lithuania, is composed of the Columns overlaid on a basketball board. The Columns of Gediminas with post horn are also the official logo of the Lithuanian postal company — Lietuvos paštas. The company uses the columns on its official stamps. A combination of the Columns of Gediminas and the Menorah are used by the Litvak community as a symbol meant to identify Lithuanian Jews with content expressing the history of the Jews in Lithuania. == Usage in Belarus ==
Usage in Belarus
is a pall reversed:1. The symbol of Prince Izyaslav of Polotsk, Gules, on an argent field;2. Columns of Gediminas, Argent on a gules field;3. Coat of arms of Kaributas, Or, on a azure field. The columns of Gediminas are in the coat of arms of Brahin in southeastern Belarus. The symbol is featured on the monument to the Grand Duke Gediminas in Lida, which was unveiled in 2019. == Usage in Ukraine ==
Usage in Ukraine
In Ukraine, the coat of arms of Zhytomyr Oblast adopted an archaic form of the Vytis (Pohonia) on the second quarter, with the Columns of Gediminas on knight's shield. File:Coat of Arms of Zhytomyr Oblast.svg|Coat of arms of Zhytomyr Oblast File:White-red-white flag of the Belarusian diaspora in Ukraine.svg|White-red-white flag with Columns of Gediminas in the form of a trident of the Belarusian diaspora in Ukraine, which is also used by the Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Former usage After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine started, the Pahonia Regiment was formed as part of the International Legion of Territorial Defence of Ukraine, which used the Columns of Gediminas on their emblem until their disbandment. File:Emblem of the Pahonia Regiment.svg|The Columns of Gediminas on the emblem of the Pahonia Regiment (30 March 2022 - 1 July 2023) File:1st assault company Belarus.png|Emblem of the 1st separate amphibious assault company "Belarus" (Spring 2023 – Summer 2024) == In art ==
In art
The Columns of Gediminas are displayed at Battle of Grunwald by Jan Matejko. The Columns of Gediminas are also displayed at Baptism of Lithuania by Władysław Ciesielski and Funeral of Gediminas by Kazimierz Alchimowicz. File:Jan Matejko, Bitwa pod Grunwaldem.jpg|The columns of Gediminas are displayed on the flag to the left of Vytautas the Great File:Władysław Ciesielski - Baptism of Lithuania - MP 3873 - National Museum in Warsaw.jpg|The columns of Gediminas are displayed on the banner to the top right. File:Kazimierz Alchimowicz - Funeral of Gediminas - MNK II-a-241 - National Museum Kraków.jpg|The columns of Gediminas can be seen on the banner within the forest. == See also ==
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