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Comfort food

Comfort food is food that provides the eater a nostalgic or sentimental value and may be characterized by its satisfying heartiness and association with childhood or home cooking. The nostalgia may be specific to an individual or it may apply to a specific culture.

Definition and history
The term comfort food can be traced back at least to 1615, where in the beginning of the second part of Don Quixote, at the beginning of chapter one, Quixote's niece and her nurse are told to pamper him, "to give him things to eat which are comforting and appropriate for the heart and the brain..." . Others trace it back to 1966, when the Palm Beach Post used it in a story: "Adults, when under severe emotional stress, turn to what could be called 'comfort food'—food associated with the security of childhood, like mother's poached egg or famous chicken soup." According to research by April White at JSTOR, it might have been Liza Minnelli who used the term for the first time in its modern meaning in an interview, admitting to craving a hamburger. When the term first appeared, newspapers used it in quotation marks. In the 1970s, the most popular comfort food in the United States were various potato dishes and chicken soup, but even at the time, the definition varied from person to person. During the next decades, the nature of comfort food changed in the US, shifting from savory dishes to sweet ones, while comfort food themed cookbooks started to spread and restaurants started to offer items labelled as such, when originally the term was used for food items consumed "home alone". Worldwide diet trends emerging in the 1990s, like the low fat or the low-carb diet, were unable to end the cravings for comfort food. According to White, the COVID-19 pandemic that hit the world in 2020 further strengthened people's need for comfort food that evokes nostalgia and the feeling of belonging. ==Psychological studies==
Psychological studies
Consuming energy-dense, high calorie, high fat, salt or sugar foods, such as ice cream or french fries, may trigger the reward system in the human brain, which gives a distinctive pleasure or temporary sense of emotional elevation and relaxation. These feelings can also be induced by psychoactive ingredients found in other foods, such as coffee and chocolate. When psychological conditions are present, people often use comfort food to treat themselves. Those with negative emotions tend to eat unhealthy food in an effort to experience the instant gratification that comes with it, even if only short-lived. One study divided college-students' comfort-food identifications into four categories (nostalgic foods, indulgence foods, convenience foods, and physical comfort foods) with a special emphasis on the deliberate selection of particular foods to modify mood or affect, and indications that the medical-therapeutic use of particular foods may ultimately be a matter of mood-alteration. The identification of particular items as comfort food may be idiosyncratic, though patterns are detectable. In one study of American preferences, "males preferred warm, hearty, meal-related comfort foods (such as steak, casseroles, and soup) while females instead preferred comfort foods that were more snack related (such as chocolate and ice cream). In addition, younger people preferred more snack-related comfort foods compared to those over 55 years of age." The study also revealed strong connections between consumption of comfort foods and feelings of guilt. Comfort food consumption is seen as a response to emotional stress and, consequently, as a key contributor to the epidemic of obesity in the United States. The provocation of specific hormonal responses leading selectively to increases in abdominal fat is seen as a form of self-medication. Further studies suggest that consumption of comfort food is triggered in men by positive emotions, and by negative ones in women. The stress effect is particularly pronounced among college-aged women, with only 33% reporting healthy eating choices during times of emotional stress. For women specifically, these psychological patterns may be maladaptive. A therapeutic use of these findings includes offering comfort foods or "happy hour" beverages to anorectic geriatric patients whose health and quality of life otherwise decreases with reduced oral intake. Comfort foods provide emotional nutrition in the form of familiar tastes and a sense of security in stressful situations, but when taken in large quantities these foods become addictive and impair a person from engaging in new experiences or meeting challenges head-on. A reliance on comfort foods can stifle growth and transition, since the comfort foods are overused during times of transition and distress. The foods that people over-consume during stress periods leads to a state of emotional inertia where people may become resistant to necessary change or adaptation. This reliance on experience rather than interaction with present or upcoming situations eventually stifles the ability to thrive in fluid situations and inhibits the potential for personal growth. ==By region==
By region
A partial list by region of comfort foods around the world. Afghanistan Comfort foods in Afghanistan are: • Aushak – stuffed dumplings and sauce • Bolani – filled flatbread • Borani Banjan or Borani-e-Banjan – baked eggplant with yogurt sauce • Borani Kadoo or Borani-e-Kado – sweet and savory braised pumpkin with yogurt sauce • Chainaki – lamb stew, traditionally served in a bowl lined with naan, and cooked in a clay vessel known as a chainak • Chalaw or Challow – steamed rice with spices • Kabuli palaw or Qabuli Pulao – steamed rice with raisins, carrots, and lamb • Mantu – meat-stuffed dumpling Australia, New Zealand and South Africa garnished with fruit and cream Comfort foods in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa may include: • Braised lamb shanks • Butterscotch apple dumplings • Mashed potatoes • Porridge, topped with brown sugar or honey, yogurt, nuts, and fruit Austria Austrian (and especially Viennese) comfort foods may include the following foods: • ApfelstrudelFiakergulaschFleischlaberlnFrankfurterFrittatensuppeGrammelschmalzGrießnockerlsuppeGulaschsuppeKäsekrainerKaiserschmarrnMannerschnittenPalatschinken • PaprikahendlSachertorteSchinkenfleckerlnSchweinsbratenTopfenstrudelWiener SchnitzelZwetschkenknödel Brazil , a truffle-like confection • Açaí na tigelaArroz e feijãoBaião de dois, a variation of the traditional rice and beans prepared with green beans • Bobó de camarãoBrigadeiro, a dessert common in children birthday partiesCarne-de-solCanjicaCoxinha, a very popular chicken dumpling • ChurrascoCuscuzFeijoadaFlanGalinhadaMoquecaPão de queijoVirado Canada at the Montreal restaurant La BanquiseButter tart / Tarte au sucre – small sweet tart-shaped pastries • CakeCheesecakeChili and beansChocolate barsFried chickenGinger beefGrilled cheese sandwichHamburgerMacaroni and cheeseNanaimo barFatteh – meat soup on cooked rice with crisp flatbread with garlic sauce • Ful medames – bean stew • Hawawshi – pita bread stuffed with flavored meat • Kushari – casserole of rice, macaroni, and vegetables • Macarona béchamel – baked pasta dish with ground meat and béchamel sauce • Sahlab – winter beverage from Orchis flour • Mulukhiyah – soup or stew made with jute mallow leaves • Om Ali – Pastry mixed with milk, nuts and sometimes coconut flakes topped with cream or butter and baked France . A madeleine de Proust is a French expression specifically referring to Marcel Proust's description of comfort food in In Search of Lost Time. • Crème caramel – custard dessert • French onion soup – onion soup with cheese and bread Germany German comfort foods may include the following foods: • Arme RitterAuszogneBouletten, Frikadellen, Fleischpflanzerl etc.BratkartoffelnFlädlesuppeSauerbratenGyros – sliced rotisserie meat wrapped in flatbread • Pastitsio – baked pasta dish with minced meat and béchamel sauce • Dolmadakia – stuffed leaves • Souvlaki – meat on a skewer • Cart noodle – an à la carte noodle dish traditionally sold using carts • Cha Chaan Teng – a Hong Kong style place to eat comfort food • Dim Sum – small bite-sized portions of food served in small steamer baskets during yum chaEgg TartHotpotMacaroni in broth – a type of Hong Kong-style western cuisinePut chai ko – a palm-sized pudding cake snack • Siu Mei (including char siu) – meats roasted on spits over an open fire or in a large rotisserie oven • Goulash soupMadártej – meringue floating on crème anglaise • Chaat – savoury snacks • CurryCutlet – deep-fried fritter of meat or vegetables • Dal chawal – spiced lentils and rice, particularly in North India • Fish fryKachori – spicy stuffed pastry from RajasthanKadhi chawal – curd curry with rice • Puri – fried flatbread • Masala Dosa – rice crepes, with or without a filling of potatoes and onion • Khichdi – stew made with rice and legumes (lentils, mung beans) Sayur sop or sup ayam is Indonesian chicken soup that often sought during flu. The warm soup contains chunk of chicken, bits of potato, carrot, and common green bean served in chicken stock. Some are traditional Indonesian food and some are derived from Chinese influences. Indonesian comfort foods include: • Bakmi or mie ayam – noodles (mi) with pork (bak) or chicken (ayam) • Bakso – meatball soup • Bubur ayam – chicken congeeMie goreng – fried noodle; • Nasi goreng – fried rice • Sayur sop or sup ayam – Indonesian chicken and vegetables soup Ireland Irish comfort food can include: • Bangers and mash – sausages and mashed potatoes • Coddle – meat and vegetable stew • Colcannon – mashed potatoes with cabbage • Cacciucco – fish stew • Pasta all'amatriciana – pasta with guanciale, tomato sauce and pecorino cheesePanna cotta – sweetened cream thickened with gelatin • Chazuke/ochazuke – rice with green tea • Miso soup – soybean-flavored clear soup • Takoyaki – octopus balls LithuaniaBalandėliai – cabbage rolls • Bulviniai blynaiCepelinai – potato dumplings • Curd doughnuts • Honey cake • Kepta duona – fried garlic rye bread • Koldūnai – flour-based dumplings • Kugelis – potato casserole • Kūčiukai – Christmas Eve poppy seed biscuits • Mushroom cookies • Napoleon cakeTinginyschocolate salami • Varškėčiai – curd pancakes or dumplingsWhite salad – boiled vegetable and mayonnaise salad PhilippinesAdobo – A salt and vinegar marinated meat stew, with a large amount of local and regional variations. • Arroz Caldo / Lugaw – A thick, savory rice porridge, often served as breakfast, on rainy days, or when sick. • Batchoy – A noodle soup with a variety of meats. • Filipino spaghetti - Sweet and savory spaghetti • Ginataan – A coconut cream-based dessert soup with candied banana, sticky rice balls, sagó (tapioca balls), taro, and langkâ (jackfruit). • Bulalo – A beef bone marrow soup. • Puto – Steamed rice cakes • Sinigang – A classification of sour soups with different configurations of meats, vegetables, and souring agents. • Suman – Another type of glutinous rice cake • Kapuśniak – sour cabbage soup (sauerkraut soup) • Rosół – chicken soup with fine noodles • Łazanki – large flat noodles with fried sauerkraut • – pasta with cream and strawberries • Sernik – baked cheesecake • – pickled herring • Zasmażana kapusta - braised sauerkraut • Zapiekanka – toasted open-face sandwich • Arroz con pollo – rice with chicken • Carne Guisada – stewed beef • Mofongo relleno de mariscos, carne o pollo – Fried mashed green plantains stuffed with seafood, meat or chicken • Chocolate salami – dessert made from cocoa, broken biscuits and butter • Ciorbă de perișoaresour soup with meatballsCozonac – sweet yeast dough • Mititei – grilled ground meat rolls • Roasted eggplant salad – chopped roasted eggplantsSarmale – stuffed cabbage leaves Russia Russian comfort foods may include: • Bliny – pancakes or crepes • BorschtGolubtsy – cabbage rolls • Syrnikicottage cheese pancakes • Ukha – fish-based clear soup • Vareniki – filled dumplings (see pierogi for Poland) • Vinegret – a salad made of diced vegetables, normally sour • Zakuski – an array of dishes to supplement main courses SingaporeKaya toast—toast with sweet coconut jam and cold butter, commonly served with coffee and soft-boiled eggs • Milo—chocolate flavoured malt drink • Hainanese chicken riceBak kut teh—pork ribs dish cooked in broth South Korea Tteokbokkirice cakes in spicy chili stew • Mandu – dumplings with various fillings • Haejang-guk – vegetables and meat in beef broth • Chocolate con churroshot chocolate drink with fried dough • Savoury coca • '''' ("Sea and Mountain") dishes, which combine meat and seafood • Embutido, a generic name for different kinds of cured pork meat, including fuet (a characteristic type of dried sausage), salchichón or longaniza (salami) and different kinds of cold cut botifarra. • Cordero asado – grilled lamb • Fried seafood, such as boquerones fritos (fried anchovies) and calamares fritos (fried squid) • Gazpacho – cold vegetable soup • Jamón serrano – Serrano ham • Sausage, such as chorizo, morcilla, and salchichónSobao – sweet bread • Tarta de Santiago – almond cake or tart Switzerland is an emblematic Swiss comfort food. Traditional Swiss cuisine is characterized by its simplicity and extensive use of dairy products like cheese, cream and butter. Fruits (often apple compote) are also used in many (main) dishes, notably Älplermagronen and Maluns. • Älplermagronen – pasta, potatoes, cream, cheese, and onions • Capuns – stuffed leaves • Cholera – filled pastry • Fondue – melted cheese sauce for dippingMaluns – potato pieces slow-fried in butter • Pizzoccheri – buckwheat-and-wheat pasta with cheese • Raclette – melted cheese • Rösti – grated potato pancake with various accompaniments • Wähe – pastry shell with custard and various ingredients TaiwanBeef noodle soupDan zai noodles – noodles and prawn with broth • Minced pork riceRed bean soupSmall sausage in large sausage – grilled sausage in a rice casing • Kuru fasulye – bean and tomato stew • Mercimek Çorbası – a soup based on lentils • Yaprak Sarma - stuffed grape leaves • Pide Ukraine Ukrainian comfort foods include, but aren't limitied to: • Borscht — beetroots soup, also there are few variants: • Green borscht • White borscht • Cabbage borscht • Deruny — potato pancakes with sour cream • Holubtsi — small, medium or large rolls with prepared rice • Cabbage rollGrape leaves rollKasha — kind of porridge • Kolach — sweet, round shaped pastry • Mlynci — pancakes. • Nalysnyky — pancakes with fillings • Pampushky — small savory or sweet yeast-raised bun • Pyrizhky — baked or fried small donuts with different (mostly fruits or meat) fillings. (Not to be confused with Polish PiErogi or Russian PirogI) • Syrnyky — fried quark pancakes, garnished with sour cream • Varennia — jam • Varenyky — Filled dumplings cooked at boiling water • Vinegret — Beans and potato salad colored with beetroots United Kingdom is a British comfort food. United Kingdom comfort foods include: • Bacon butty (bacon sandwich) • Bangers and mash – sausages and mashed potatoes • BiscuitBeef stewCauliflower cheeseChicken tikka masalaCurry – India-inspired stew over rice • Egg and soldiers – toast sliced into approximately six to eight pieces lengthwise, to dip into soft-boiled egg yolk • Fish and chipsFish finger sandwichFried chickenFrench fries • Fruit crumble – stewed fruit with crumbly topping • Meat and potato piePork pieRice puddingToad in the hole – sausages baked in Yorkshire pudding United States is an American comfort food. American comfort foods may include the following foods: • Beef stewBiscuits and gravyBreakfast cerealBurritos such as Green bean casserole, and Tuna casseroleCheeseburgers • Chicken and dumplingsChicken fried steakChocolateChowders: Clam chowder, Shrimp chowder, Corn chowder, etc. Cake, • Pepperoni rolls • PizzaRed beans and rice ==See also==
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